Q.Which of the following statements is/are true about the diathesis-stress model?

Stress: Psychological Effects

You already know what stress feels like. The racing heart before an exam, the tight chest before a result, the irritability when you haven't slept enough. That's the experience of stress. But what does stress do to your mind over time? That's the psychological side.

The Intuition: Your Mind Under Load

Think of your mind like a rubber band. A little stretch — a deadline, a challenge — keeps it taut and responsive. That's eustress, the good kind. It sharpens focus, boosts memory, and pushes you to perform.

But pull too hard, or keep the band stretched for too long, and something changes. The band doesn't snap back. It stays deformed, loses elasticity, or eventually breaks. That's distress — chronic, overwhelming stress. And the psychological effects are the ways your mind deforms under that prolonged load.

The Precise Statement

Stress psychological effects refer to the measurable changes in cognition, emotion, and behaviour that occur when an individual perceives that environmental demands exceed their coping resources.

This isn't just "feeling bad." It's a cascade of specific, observable changes:

Cognitive effects — your thinking machinery slows down. Concentration fragments. Memory retrieval becomes unreliable (you blank on answers you knew). Decision-making becomes impulsive or paralysed. You might ruminate, replaying the same worry on a loop.

Emotional effects — the dominant mood shifts. Irritability spikes (small things feel huge). Anxiety becomes background noise. A sense of helplessness creeps in — the feeling that nothing you do matters. In prolonged cases, this can deepen into depression.

Behavioural effects — you start avoiding things. Procrastination worsens. Social withdrawal happens (you cancel plans, stop talking). Sleep gets disrupted — either too much or too little. Appetite changes. You might rely on caffeine, sugar, or other crutches just to get through the day.

The Mechanism (Why This Happens)

Your brain has a stress-response system — the HPA axis (hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal). In acute stress, it releases cortisol, which sharpens alertness and suppresses non-essential functions (digestion, growth, reproduction). Good for a short sprint. …