Q.(a) 'An individual's attitude towards a particular topic may be contrary to his/her behaviour.' Justify this statement with evidence.

Attitude–Behavior Consistency: The Gap Between What We Say and What We Do

Think about the last time you told yourself, "I will wake up early tomorrow and study," only to hit snooze three times. Or the friend who swears they love the environment but never carries a cloth bag. That gap between what people say they believe and what they actually do is the puzzle at the heart of attitude–behavior consistency.

The intuition is simple: we expect that if someone holds a strong attitude — say, "I believe honesty is important" — they will behave honestly. But real life is messier. People can hold a positive attitude toward exercise and still sit on the couch. They can dislike a political party and still vote for its candidate under pressure. The question psychologists ask is: when do attitudes actually predict behavior, and why do they so often fail to?

The Precise Statement

Attitude–behavior consistency refers to the degree to which a person's actions correspond to their expressed attitudes. High consistency means the behavior matches the attitude; low consistency means they diverge.

The classic finding, from LaPiere's 1934 study, is sobering. He traveled across the US with a Chinese couple, visiting over 250 hotels and restaurants. Only one establishment refused them service. Yet when he later wrote to the same places asking, "Will you accept Chinese guests?" over 90% said no. The attitude (prejudice) did not match the behavior (service). This launched decades of research into when attitudes predict behavior.

Key Factors That Determine Consistency

Not all attitudes are equal. Consistency is higher when:

• The attitude is strong — formed through direct experience, not hearsay. If you've actually tasted a dish and loved it, your "I like this food" attitude will predict ordering it far better than if you only heard it was good.
• The attitude is specific — a general attitude ("I care about health") predicts a specific behavior ("I will run today") poorly. A specific attitude ("I believe running every morning is good for me") does better. This is the principle of compatibility: to predict a behavior, measure the attitude at the same level of specificity.
• Social pressure is low — when others are watching or when norms push the opposite direction, people often act against their private attitude. This is why someone might privately dislike a custom but follow it in public.
• The person has high self-monitoring — some people (high self-monitors) are chameleons, adjusting behavior to fit the situation. Their attitudes predict behavior poorly. Low self-monitors act from their internal beliefs, so consistency is higher.

The Theory of Planned Behavior (A Useful Framework)

The most widely accepted model that explains consistency is Ajzen's Theory of Planned Behavior. It says that behavior is directly predicted by intention, and intention itself is shaped by three things: …

Attitude Components: The Three-Part Structure of How We Feel

Think about your favourite subject in school. When someone mentions it, you probably feel something positive — maybe excitement or interest. You might also have some beliefs about it: "This subject is useful for my career" or "The teacher explains it really well." And you likely behave in certain ways — you pay attention in class, you do extra reading, you look forward to the period.

That feeling, those beliefs, and that behaviour are not separate things. They are the three components of your attitude toward that subject.

An attitude is not just a feeling. It is a learned tendency to evaluate something — a person, an object, an idea, a situation — in a consistent way. And that tendency has three distinct parts.

The Three Components

Psychologists break attitude into three components, often remembered by the acronym ABC:

These three are not independent. They influence each other. If you believe studying is useful (cognitive), you might feel less anxious (affective), and you might actually start studying earlier (behavioural). Change one, and the others often shift too.

The Precise Definition

Attitude is a learned, relatively enduring predisposition to evaluate an object, person, or issue in a consistently favourable or unfavourable way. It consists of three components:

1. Cognitive component — the beliefs, knowledge, and thoughts about the attitude object.
2. Affective component — the emotional feelings (like, dislike, fear, admiration) toward the object.
3. Behavioural component — the readiness to act in a particular way toward the object.

Why This Matters …