Q.Explain any three psychological models used to understand mental disorders.

Psychological Assessment: From Intuition to Precision

Imagine you walk into a doctor's clinic with a persistent headache. The doctor doesn't just hand you a pill — she asks questions, checks your reflexes, maybe orders a blood test or an MRI. She's not guessing; she's gathering data to understand what's actually wrong before deciding what to do.

Psychological assessment works exactly the same way, except the "patient" is a person's mind, behaviour, or personality, and the "tests" are carefully designed tools — questionnaires, interviews, puzzles, or observation tasks.

The Core Intuition

We all make informal judgments about people every day: "She's shy," "He's very organised," "That child seems anxious." But these judgments are unreliable — they depend on our mood, our biases, and the limited situations we've seen the person in.

Psychological assessment replaces this guesswork with systematic, standardised, and objective methods. It's the difference between saying "I think you're anxious" and measuring your anxiety level against thousands of other people's scores on a validated scale.

The Precise Statement

Notice the key components:

• Systematic — not random; follows a planned procedure
• Standardised — every person is assessed under the same conditions, so results are comparable
• Objective — minimises the assessor's personal bias
• Integration — no single test tells the whole story; the assessor combines multiple sources of data

What Actually Happens in an Assessment?

A psychologist doesn't just hand you a test and declare you "done." The process typically involves:

1. Referral question — Someone (a teacher, a parent, a court, or the person themselves) asks a specific question: "Does this child have ADHD?" or "Is this candidate suitable for a high-stress job?"

2. Clinical interview — The first and most important tool. The psychologist talks to the person, asks about history, symptoms, and context. This sets the stage.

3. Selection of tests — Based on the referral question, the psychologist chooses from hundreds of available instruments. Some measure intelligence (IQ tests), some measure personality (like the MMPI or Big Five inventories), some measure specific symptoms (depression scales, anxiety inventories), and some measure cognitive abilities (memory, attention, problem-solving).

4. Administration and scoring — Tests are given under controlled conditions. Scoring is done according to strict rules — often using computer software or standardised norms.

5. Interpretation — This is where the skill lies. A score of 115 on an IQ test doesn't mean much by itself. The psychologist interprets it in context: the person's age, education, cultural background, and the specific test used. They look for patterns across different tests.

6. Report and feedback — The findings are written up in a clear, actionable report. The psychologist meets with the person (or the referring party) to explain the results and recommend next steps.

A Concrete Example …