Q.(a)

Part (a)

(i) Meanings.

• Global burden of disease (GBD): an overall indicator of a population's health that measures the total loss from premature death and disability due to diseases, injuries and risk factors, usually expressed in Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) — one DALY = one lost year of healthy life.
• Mortality rate: the number of deaths per 1,000 (or per 1,00,000) persons in a population in a given year; a basic indicator of the health status of a community. …

Part (a)

(i) Meanings

Global burden of disease (GBD) is a comprehensive measure of a population's ill-health. It goes beyond counting deaths by combining years of life lost to premature death with years lived with disability, summarised as Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) — where one DALY is the loss of one year of healthy life. It lets policymakers compare and prioritise diseases, including conditions that disable but rarely kill.

Mortality rate (death rate) is the number of deaths in a population over a period, usually per 1,000 (or per 1,00,000) persons per year. It is a fundamental indicator of the health and development of a community; falling infant and maternal mortality signal better nutrition, sanitation and medical care.

(ii) Fewer women in regular salaried employment

Despite rising literacy, women remain under-represented in formal, regular salaried jobs because of structural and social barriers:

• Social norms place child-care, elderly care and housework primarily on women, leaving little time/mobility for fixed-hour jobs.
• Educational and skill gaps, worsened by early marriage and childbearing, limit access to salaried occupations.
• Occupational segregation channels women into agriculture, domestic and home-based informal work that lacks contracts and security.
• Weak supportive infrastructure (inadequate child-care, unsafe transport, poorly enforced maternity benefits) and discrimination in hiring and wages further reduce participation. …