Q.OR Find the domain of cosβ1(3π₯ β 2) 2 22 If π¦ = log tan ( π 4 + π₯ 2), then prove that π π π π β π¬ππ π = π 2 23A 23B Find: β« (π₯β3) (π₯β1)3 ππ₯ ππ₯ OR Find out the area of shaded region in the enclosed figure. 2 23 B For Visually Impaired: Find out the area of the region enclosed by the curve π¦2 = π₯ , π₯ = 3 and π₯-axis in the first quadrant.
Part (a)Concept understanding β Principal Value Domain
Principal Value Domain (Principal Branch)
Take sinx=21β. It has infinitely many solutions: x=6Οβ,65Οβ,613Οβ,β67Οβ,β¦ β every angle whose sine is 21β. So if we want an inverse that returns a single angle for sinβ1(0.5), we must first agree on one angle to report. A function is allowed only one output per input, and sinx over all of R is many-to-one β it fails the horizontal line test and cannot be inverted as it stands.
The idea: restrict to one clean interval
For each trigonometric ratio we restrict the angle to a single standard interval on which the function is one-to-one while still covering its entire range exactly once. On that interval the inverse becomes well-defined and single-valued. That interval β the set of angles the inverse is allowed to return β is the principal value branch (also called the principal value domain).
The interval is chosen to be strictly monotonic, to hit every output once, and to sit as close to 0 as possible. For sine that is [β2Οβ,2Οβ], where sin increases from β1 to 1.
The principal value branch of an inverse trig function is the interval of angles it returns β the restricted interval on which the original ratio is one-to-one and onto its range.
| Inverse function | Domain (allowed inputs x) | Principal value branch (angles returned) |
|---|---|---|
| sinβ1x | [β1,1] | [β2Οβ,2Οβ] |
| cosβ1x | [β1,1] | [0,Ο] |
| tanβ1x | R | (β2Οβ,2Οβ) |
| cotβ1x | R | (0,Ο) |
| secβ1x | (ββ,β1]βͺ[1,β) | [0,Ο]β{2Οβ} |
| cscβ1x | (ββ,β1]βͺ[1,β) | [β2Οβ,2Οβ]β{0} |
Why the intervals differ
They are not arbitrary. cosx is symmetric about 0, so [β2Οβ,2Οβ] would make it two-to-one; instead we use [0,Ο], where cos decreases from 1 to β1 one-to-one. Each function gets the interval where it is strictly monotonic and sweeps its full range exactly once.
sinβ1(sinx)=x holds only when xβ[β2Οβ,2Οβ]. For x=65Οβ, sinβ1(sin65Οβ)=sinβ1(21β)=6Οβ, not 65Οβ.
These principal branches are the standard convention in every textbook, exam, and calculator, so sinβ1(0.5) is always 6Οβ. Use them unless a problem explicitly says otherwise.
Principal value branches are formally defined in the NCERT Class 12 Inverse Trigonometric Functions chapter, and the full table of domains and ranges for sinβ»ΒΉ, cosβ»ΒΉ, tanβ»ΒΉ and the rest is one of the most-memorized reference tables in CBSE board prep. If you're searching 'principal value branch of inverse trigonometric functions table' or 'inverse trig functions important questions class 12', this restricted-interval convention is exactly the concept those searches are pointing to.
Part (b)Concept understanding β Area Under Parabola
Area Under a Parabola
Picture the simplest parabola, y=x2: a smooth U opening upward with its lowest point at the origin. Suppose we want the area trapped between this curve, the x-axis, and the vertical lines x=0 and x=1 β the area under the parabola on [0,1].
A rough estimate helps. A rectangle of base 1 and height 1 gives area 1 β too big, since the curve sits well below its top. A triangle gives 21βΓ1Γ1=0.5 β too small, since the curve bulges above the straight edge. So the true area lies somewhere between 0.5 and 1.
Calculus pins it down exactly. The area under a curve y=f(x) from x=a to x=b (with f(x)β₯0) is the definite integral
Area=β«abβf(x)dx.
For y=x2 from 0 to 1 we use the power rule
β«xndx=n+1xn+1β+C(nξ =β1)
so, with n=2,
β«01βx2dx=[3x3β]01β=31ββ0=31β.
The exact area is 31β square units (about 0.333) β comfortably between our two guesses.
The area is exactly one-third of the bounding rectangle. In general, under y=x2 from 0 to a the area is 3a3β, i.e. one-third of the aΓa2 rectangle.
The general statement
For y=kx2 (k constant), the area from x=a to x=b is
β«abβkx2dx=kβ 3b3βa3β.
If the parabola is shifted, such as y=x2+c, integrate term by term. If it opens sideways, such as x=y2, integrate with respect to y instead.
The cube formula 3b3βa3β applies only to y=x2 (or a constant multiple). For a full quadratic y=ax2+bx+c you must integrate the whole expression β never apply the cube formula to the x2 term alone.
The key takeaway: integration converts a curved boundary into an exact number, and for the basic parabola y=x2 from 0 to a that number is simply 3a3β.
Finding the area under a parabola using definite integration is a foundational example in the CBSE Class 12 Application of Integrals chapter, and "area under curve y = x^2 using integration" is a commonly searched topic for board exam revision. This same integration approach scales up to the more general area-bounded-by-curves questions tested in JEE Main.
Part (a)
Find the domain of cosβ1(3xβ2). The argument of cosβ1 must lie in [β1,1]:
β1β€3xβ2β€1β1β€3xβ€3β31ββ€xβ€1.
Domain =[31β,1].
Part (b)
Area enclosed by y2=x, the line x=3 and the x-axis in the first quadrant. Here y=xβ:
A=β«03βxβdx=[32βx3/2]03β=32ββ 33β=23β.
Area =23β square units.
(a) Domain of cosβ1(3xβ2) is [31β,1]. (b) Area under y2=x up to x=3 is 23β sq. units.
Part (a)
The function cosβ1(t) is defined only for tβ[β1,1], because cosine only takes values in that range. With t=3xβ2 we require
β1β€3xβ2β€1.
Add 2 throughout: 1β€3xβ€3. Divide by 3 (positive, so inequalities keep direction):
31ββ€xβ€1.
Use both bounds. Solving only 3xβ2β€1 misses the lower limit β1β€3xβ2.
Domain =[31β,1].
Part (b)
The curve is y2=x, a rightward parabola. In the first quadrant y=xββ₯0. The region is bounded on the right by x=3 and below by the x-axis, so we integrate the height y=xβ from x=0 to x=3:
A=β«03βxβdx=β«03βx1/2dx=[3/2x3/2β]03β=32β[x3/2]03β.
Now 33/2=33β, so
A=32ββ 33β=23β.
Area =23β square units β3.46.
Showing the 12 most recent of 77 on this concept.
- CBSE 2026Set 65/1/11 markMCQQ.The area bounded by the curve y=xβ£xβ£, x-axis and the ordinates x=β1 and x=1 is given by (A) 0 (B) 31β (C) 32β (D) 3
βΊReveal solutionSolution
The curve y=xβ£xβ£ is an odd function, so the signed area cancels to zero, but the bounded area (absolute area) is the sum of two equal positive lobes, giving 32β.
The key here is to understand what y=xβ£xβ£ actually looks like. The absolute value on x splits the definition into two cases:
- When xβ₯0, β£xβ£=x, so y=xβ x=x2.
- When x<0, β£xβ£=βx, so y=xβ (βx)=βx2.
So the curve is a parabola opening upward on the right side, and a parabola opening downward on the left side. It is an odd function: f(βx)=βf(x). This symmetry is the heart of the problem.
The question asks for the area bounded by the curve, the x-axis, and the vertical lines x=β1 and x=1. "Area bounded" means geometric area β always positive β not signed area (the integral). This is a classic trap.
Letβs work through it.
- Set up the absolute area integral. The geometric area between a curve y=f(x) and the x-axis from x=a to x=b is β«abββ£f(x)β£dx. Here:
Area=β«β11ββ£xβ£xβ£β£dx.
- Simplify β£xβ£xβ£β£. Since β£xβ£xβ£β£=β£xβ£β β£xβ£=β£xβ£2=x2 (because squaring removes the sign), we have:
β£xβ£xβ£β£=x2forΒ allΒ realΒ x.
Thatβs a neat simplification: the absolute value of the function is just x2, a simple upward parabola.
- Compute the integral.
Area=β«β11βx2dx.
The antiderivative of x2 is 3x3β. So:
[3x3β]β11β=313ββ3(β1)3β=31ββ(β31β)=32β.
Watch outA common mistake is to compute the signed integral β«β11βxβ£xβ£dx directly. Since the function is odd, that integral is 0 β which is option (A). But the question asks for area, not signed area. The area is always positive.
TipWhenever you see β£xβ£ inside a function, split the domain at x=0 and handle each piece separately. For area problems, taking the absolute value of the whole function first often simplifies things β here it turned xβ£xβ£ into plain x2.
βFinal answerThe area bounded is 32ββ, which corresponds to option (C).
- CBSE 2026Set 65/1/11 markMCQQ.If 2cosβ1x=y, then (A) 0β€yβ€Ο (B) βΟβ€yβ€Ο (C) 0β€yβ€2Ο (D) βΟβ€yβ€0
βΊReveal solutionSolution
The range of cosβ1x is [0,Ο], so multiplying by 2 gives y=2cosβ1x a range of [0,2Ο]. The correct option is (C).
Concept and Intuition
The key to this problem lies entirely in understanding the range of the inverse cosine function. cosβ1x (also written as arccosx) is defined as the angle whose cosine is x, and by convention, that angle is always taken from the interval [0,Ο]. This is not arbitrary β it's the standard principal value branch that makes the function one-to-one and therefore invertible.
Once you know that cosβ1x lives between 0 and Ο (inclusive), finding the range of y=2cosβ1x is simply a matter of scaling that interval by a factor of 2. No tricky domain restrictions, no sign flips β just multiplication.
Watch outA common mistake is to confuse the range of cosβ1x with that of sinβ1x (which is [βΟ/2,Ο/2]). Always recall: cosβ1xβ[0,Ο], not [βΟ/2,Ο/2].
Step-by-step solution
- Recall the range of cosβ1x The inverse cosine function cosβ1:[β1,1]β[0,Ο] gives an output angle in radians. This means:
0β€cosβ1xβ€ΟforΒ allΒ xβ[β1,1].
- Multiply the inequality by 2 Since 2 is positive, multiplying through preserves the direction of the inequalities:
2β 0β€2cosβ1xβ€2β Ο
which simplifies to:
0β€yβ€2Ο.
-
Check if every value in [0,2Ο] is actually attained
As x varies continuously from β1 to 1, cosβ1x varies continuously from Ο down to 0. So y=2cosβ1x varies continuously from 2Ο down to 0, covering every number in between. The range is exactly the closed interval [0,2Ο].
-
Match with the given options
- (A) 0β€yβ€Ο β too narrow, misses values between Ο and 2Ο.
- (B) βΟβ€yβ€Ο β includes negative values, which are impossible since cosβ1xβ₯0.
- (C) 0β€yβ€2Ο β exactly matches our result.
- (D) βΟβ€yβ€0 β entirely negative, completely wrong.
TipYou can also think geometrically: cosβ1x is the angle in the upper half of the unit circle (from 0 to Ο radians). Doubling that angle sweeps out the full circle's worth of angles β from 0 all the way around to 2Ο.
βFinal answerThe correct option is (C), since y=2cosβ1x lies in [0,2Ο].
- CBSE 2026Set 65/2/11 markMCQQ.Which of the following expressions will give the area of region bounded by the curve y=x2 and line y=16? (A) β«04βx2dx (B) 2β«04βx2dx (C) β«016βyβdy (D) 2β«016βyβdy
βΊReveal solutionSolution
The region between y=x2 and y=16 is symmetric about the y-axis; integrating horizontally from y=0 to y=16 with x=yβ and doubling for both sides gives 2β«016βyβdy.
The parabola y=x2 opens upward with vertex at the origin, and the horizontal line y=16 cuts it at two points. Finding those intersection points: x2=16 gives x=Β±4. So the bounded region sits between x=β4 and x=4, below the line and above the parabola.
The key decision is whether to integrate with respect to x (vertical slices) or y (horizontal slices). Both are valid, but the setup differs.
Vertical slices (integrating with respect to x):
At any x between β4 and 4, a vertical strip runs from the parabola y=x2 up to the line y=16. The height of that strip is 16βx2. The area is
A=β«β44β(16βx2)dx.
Because the integrand 16βx2 is even (symmetric about x=0), this equals
A=2β«04β(16βx2)dx=2β«04β16dxβ2β«04βx2dx.
Notice that β«04βx2dx alone is not the area; it gives the area under the parabola from 0 to 4, not the region between the parabola and the line. So option (A) is incorrect, and option (B) is also incorrect (it's twice the area under the parabola, not the region we want).
Horizontal slices (integrating with respect to y):
At any height y between 0 and 16, a horizontal strip extends from the left branch of the parabola to the right branch. Solving y=x2 for x gives x=Β±yβ. The width of the strip is
yββ(βyβ)=2yβ.
The area is then
A=β«016β2yβdy=2β«016βyβdy.
This matches option (D).
TipWhen a region is symmetric about an axis, integrating along that axis (here, the y-axis) often simplifies the setup: you capture both halves at once by doubling the contribution from one side.
Let's verify the options:
-
(A) β«04βx2dx computes the area under the parabola from x=0 to x=4, not the region between the parabola and the line.
-
(B) 2β«04βx2dx doubles that, giving the area under the parabola from x=β4 to x=4. Still not what we want.
-
(C) β«016βyβdy gives the area under the right branch of the parabola (from x=0 to x=4) when viewed as a function x=yβ. This is only half the region.
-
(D) 2β«016βyβdy accounts for both branches, giving the full area between the parabola and the line.
βFinal answerThe correct option is (D) 2β«016βyβdy.
-
- CBSE 2026Set V11 markMCQQ.The domain of tanβ1x is(a) (2βΟβ,2Οβ)(b) (0,Ο)(c) [β1,1](d) (ββ,β)
βΊReveal solutionSolution
The tangent function maps (β2Οβ,2Οβ) onto all of R, so tanβ1x accepts every real x; answer (d).
The principal-branch tangent tan:(β2Οβ,2Οβ)βR is a bijection onto R. Its inverse tanβ1 therefore has domain equal to the range of tan, namely all real numbers.
Domain(tanβ1x)=(ββ,β),Range=(β2Οβ,2Οβ).
βFinal answer(d) (ββ,β)
- CBSE 2026Set CX1 markQ.Find the value of tanβ13ββsecβ1(β2).
βΊReveal solutionSolution
tanβ13β=3Οβ, secβ1(β2)=32Οβ, giving β3Οβ.
Concept: Use the principal-value ranges: tanβ1β(β2Οβ,2Οβ) and secβ1β[0,Ο]β{2Οβ}.
tanβ13β=3Οβ(tan3Οβ=3β).
For secβ1(β2) we need ΞΈβ[0,Ο] with secΞΈ=β2, i.e. cosΞΈ=β21β, giving ΞΈ=32Οβ.
tanβ13ββsecβ1(β2)=3Οββ32Οβ=β3Οβ.
βFinal answertanβ13ββsecβ1(β2)=β3Οβ.
- CBSE 2026Set ANNUAL1 markMCQQ.Area of the region bounded by the curve y2=4x, y-axis and the line y=3 is(a) 2(b) 4/9(c) 9/4(d) 9/2
βΊReveal solutionSolution
Integrate x as a function of y (since the boundary is the y-axis and the line y=3) using x=y2/4 from the parabola.
From y2=4x, x=4y2β.
Area =β«03βxdy=β«03β4y2βdy=[12y3β]03β=1227β=49β.
βFinal answerThe correct option is (c) 9/4.
- CBSE 2026Set ANNUAL1 markQ.sinβ1x is a function whose domain is __________.
βΊReveal solutionSolution
sinβ1x is defined only where sinΞΈ=x has a solution, i.e. for xβ[β1,1].
The sine function takes values only in [β1,1], so its inverse sinβ1x can only accept inputs in that range.
βFinal answerThe domain of sinβ1x is [β1,1].
- CBSE 2026Set ANNUAL1 markMCQQ.If y=cosβ1x then(a) 0β€yβ€Ο(b) β2Οββ€yβ€2Οβ(c) βΟβ€yβ€Ο(d) None of these
βΊReveal solutionSolution
cosβ1x is defined so that its principal value always lies in [0,Ο].
The function cosx is one-one and onto from [0,Ο] to [β1,1], so its inverse cosβ1x is defined on domain [β1,1] with range (principal value branch) [0,Ο]. Thus if y=cosβ1x, then 0β€yβ€Ο.
βFinal answer(a) 0β€yβ€Ο.
- CBSE 2026Set ANNUAL1 markMCQQ.Principal value of tanβ1(β1) is(a) 4Οβ(b) β4Οβ(c) 43Οβ(d) None of these
βΊReveal solutionSolution
The principal value of tanβ1x always lies in (β2Οβ,2Οβ).
We need y such that tany=β1 and yβ(β2Οβ,2Οβ).
Since tan(4Οβ)=1, we get tan(β4Οβ)=β1, and β4Οβ lies within the principal branch.
So tanβ1(β1)=β4Οβ.
βFinal answer(b) β4Οβ.
- CBSE 2026Set ANNUAL1 markMCQQ.The principal value of cosβ1x is:(a) [0,Ο](b) [β2Οβ,2Οβ](c) (β2Οβ,2Οβ)(d) None of these
βΊReveal solutionSolution
The principal value branch of cosβ1x is [0,Ο] by definition.
The function cos:[0,Ο]β[β1,1] is a bijection, so its inverse cosβ1:[β1,1]β[0,Ο] is defined with range (principal value branch) [0,Ο].
βFinal answerOption (a): [0,Ο].
- CBSE 2026Set ANNUAL1 markMCQQ.Area of the region bounded by the curve y2=4x, y-axis and the line y=3 is:(a) 2(b) 49β(c) 39β(d) 29β
βΊReveal solutionSolution
Integrate x=4y2β with respect to y from 0 to 3, since the region is bounded by the y-axis.
For y2=4x, we have x=4y2β.
The area bounded by the curve, the y-axis, and y=3 (from y=0 to y=3) is
A=β«03βxdy=β«03β4y2βdy=[12y3β]03β=1227β=49β
βFinal answerOption (b): 49β square units
- CBSE 2026Set ANNUAL1 markMCQQ.Principal value of cosβ»ΒΉ(1/2) is:(a) Ο/2(b) Ο/3(c) Ο/4(d) Ο/6
βΊReveal solutionSolution
The principal value of cosβ1x lies in [0,Ο], and cos(3Οβ)=21β.
We need ΞΈβ[0,Ο] such that cosΞΈ=21β.
Since cos(3Οβ)=21β and 3Οββ[0,Ο], this is the principal value.
βFinal answercosβ1(21β)=3Οβ (option b).
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