Q.Discuss any three institutional measures to improve productivity in agriculture.

Improve agricultural productivity institutionally via (1) institutional credit, (2) land reforms, and (3) co-operative marketing/MSP.

Institutional measures (as against purely technical ones) improve productivity by reforming the framework within which farming operates:

1. Adequate institutional credit — Providing timely and cheap credit through commercial banks, co-operative credit societies and regional rural banks frees farmers from moneylenders and enables them to buy quality seeds, fertilisers and implements, raising productivity.
2. Land reforms — Steps like abolition of intermediaries (zamindari), tenancy reforms giving security to tenants, fixing of fair rent, and consolidation of small fragmented holdings give farmers ownership and incentive to invest and improve the land. …