Q.What are the barriers to effective communication? Explain the measures to overcome them.

A message can fail to achieve its purpose for several different reasons — in the words used, in the minds of sender or receiver, in the organisation's own structure, or in the physical channel itself. …

A barrier to communication is any factor that prevents a message from being received or correctly understood exactly as the sender intended. The main categories are:

1. Semantic (Language) barriers — unfamiliar jargon, ambiguous wording, or words carrying different meanings for sender and receiver. Overcome by: using simple, clear, precise language and explaining technical terms.
2. Psychological barriers — inattention, bias, distrust, or emotional stress distorting how a message is received. Overcome by: building trust and approaching communication with an open mind.
3. Organisational barriers — too many hierarchy levels a message must pass through, or a poorly defined communication policy. Overcome by: reducing unnecessary levels and establishing a clear communication policy.
4. Physical/Mechanical barriers — noise, distance, or faulty equipment. Overcome by: choosing reliable equipment and a suitable medium.
5. Socio-cultural barriers — differences in social background or custom causing a message to be interpreted differently than intended. Overcome by: being sensitive to the receiver's background.
6. Personal barriers — poor listening skills or a closed mind. Overcome by: practising active listening and welcoming feedback. …

Listing barriers without pairing each one with its specific corresponding remedy — the syllabus expects the barrier and its overcoming measu …