Q.(i) Write the IUPAC name for the following compounds.
(A) CH3-CH(CH3)-CH2-CH3
(B) H3C-C(CH3)(CH3)-CH3 (a central carbon bonded to four CH3 groups)
(A) Acetylene -> Benzene
(B) Phenol -> Benzene
(C) Benzene -> Toluene
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(i) IUPAC names:
(A) CH3-CH(CH3)-CH2-CH3: numbering the longest chain, C1(CH3)-C2(CH, bearing a CH3 branch)-C3(CH2)-C4(CH3) gives a 4-carbon (butane) main chain with a methyl substituent on carbon-2. IUPAC name: 2-methylbutane.
(B) H3C-C(CH3)(CH3)-CH3, i.e. a central carbon bonded to four -CH3 groups: the longest chain is only 3 carbons (propane) with two methyl substituents both on the central carbon (C2). IUPAC name: 2,2-dimethylpropane (commonly known as neopentane).
(ii) Nucleophiles and Electrophiles:
A nucleophile ("nucleus-loving") is an electron-rich species — possessing a lone pair of electrons or a negative charge — that donates its electron pair to form a new covalent bond with an electron-deficient centre. Examples: hydroxide ion (OH-), cyanide ion (CN-), ammonia (NH3).
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