Q.List out any five morphological adaptations of halophytes.

Halophytes are plants adapted to grow in high-salt soils, typically near sea-shores and estuaries, where the vegetation as a whole is called mangrove forest and the plants themselves mangroves. Their defining physiological challenge is that the soil is physically wet but physiologically dry — the plant cannot use salt water directly and must actively filter out salt through dedicated physiological mechanisms before the water becomes usable. Morphologically, temperate halophytes are herbaceous while tropical ones are mostly bushy; besides normal roots, many grow extra stilt roots for stability in soft mud, plus negatively geotropic 'breathing roots' called pneumatophores studded with air-admitting pores (pneumathodes/lenticels), as in Avicennia. Leaves are typically thick, entire, succulent and glossy, with some species aphyllous (leafless, photosynthesising through green stems, as in the succulent halophyte Salicornia). A distinctive reproductive adaptation is vivipary — the seed germinates while still attached to the parent plant, giving the seedling a head start before it drops into the …