Q.Describe dispersal of fruit and seeds by animals.

Seed and fruit dispersal is the dissemination of seeds/fruits away from the parent plant, letting a species colonise new ground while helping seedlings avoid competition, predation and disease concentrated near the parent; success depends on favourable season, environment, and the seasonal availability of dispersal agents, and dispersal in turn moves plant genes and genetic diversity across habitats. Four mechanisms are recognised. Anemochory (wind dispersal), common in tall trees, uses minute light seeds (often in an inflated covering, e.g. orchids), wing-like flattened extensions (Maple, Gyrocarpus, Dipterocarpus, Terminalia), feathery appendages/coma that boost buoyancy (Vernonia, Asclepias), or a censor mechanism releasing seeds only when violently shaken by wind (Aristolochia, poppy). Hydrochory (water dispersal), common near water bodies, relies on buoyancy — an obconical receptacle with air spaces (Nelumbo), a fibrous mesocarp with light pericarp (coconut), an air-trapping aril (Nymphaea), an inflated fruit (Heritiera littoralis), or seeds simply carried passively by current (coconut). Zoochory (animal dispersal) uses hooked fruits with hooks/barbs/spines that snag fur or clothing (Xanthium, Andropogon, Aristida), sticky glandular fruits that adhere to fur (Boerhaavia, Cleome) or a viscid layer that sticks to a bird's beak (Cordia, Alangium), …