Q.Right to Clean Water is a fundamental right, under the Indian Constitution
Step 1. Article 21 of the Indian Constitution guarantees the fundamental right to life and personal liberty.
Step 2. The Supreme Court of India has repeatedly interpreted 'life' under Article 21 to mean a life of dignity, which cannot be sustained without access to clean, pollution-free water and a healthy environment -- this judicial reading is how the right to clean water became a recognised fundamental right rather than a separately named one.
Step 3. The other options do not fit: Article 12 only defines what counts as 'the State' for the purpose of Part III rights, not a substantive right in itself; Article 31 originally concerned the right to property and was removed from the list of Fundamental Rights by the 44th Constitutional Amendment; and Article 41 is a Directive Principle of State Policy (non-enforceable) about the right to work, education and public assistance, not an enforceable fundamental right.
The right to clean water is protected under Article 21's fundamental right to life, as read expansively by Indian courts.
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