Ch 13Ecological Adaptation, Succession and Ecological Services — Class 11 Botany, concept-first.

Plants growing together in any habitat are not scattered at random. Individuals of the same species living in a given area, sharing the same resources and capable of interbreeding, together make up a…

Hydrophytes are plants that live in or on water, spending all or most of their life cycle either fully or partly submerged, floating on the water surface, or rooted in waterlogged soil.

Xerophytes are plants adapted to dry, arid, or drought-prone habitats, such as deserts and rocky outcrops, where water is either permanently scarce or available only for short unpredictable spells.

Mesophytes are plants of habitats where the water supply is neither excessive, as it is for hydrophytes, nor scarce, as it is for xerophytes, but moderate and reasonably reliable through most of the y…

Halophytes are plants that are able to tolerate the high concentrations of salt found in coastal and marine habitats — conditions in which ordinary land plants, unable to cope with such salinity, cann…

Not every classification of plants by habitat is based on water. Heliophytes and sciophytes are grouped instead by their response to light — specifically, by how much direct sunlight they require in o…

Plant succession (or ecological succession) is the gradual, directional, and sequential process by which one plant community in a given area is progressively replaced by another over time, ultimately…

Ecosystem services are the many benefits that plant communities and the wider ecosystems they form provide to the environment and to human life, often without any deliberate human effort or payment.

Sample papers and previous-year board questions for this subject.