Q.Discuss the following nutritional and digestive disorders with reference to their causes and effects on the body: protein-energy malnutrition (PEM), indigestion, constipation, vomiting, jaundice and diarrhoea.

Nutritional and Digestive Disorders – A First Look

Think of your body as a high-performance engine. It needs the right fuel (nutrients) in the right amounts, and a smooth system to process that fuel (digestion). When either the fuel quality fails or the processing machinery breaks down, you get a disorder. That's the whole idea in one sentence.

Nutritional disorders happen when your body doesn't get enough of the right nutrients, or gets too much of the wrong ones. Digestive disorders are problems in the actual process of breaking down food and absorbing those nutrients. Often, one leads to the other — a damaged digestive system causes malnutrition, and malnutrition weakens the digestive system.

Nutritional Disorders: When the Fuel is Wrong

The most serious nutritional disorders you need to know are Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM) . This is not just "not eating enough" — it's specifically about a shortage of proteins and calories. Two classic forms exist, and they affect children most severely.

Marasmus comes from a severe deficiency of both proteins and calories. The child looks like "skin and bones" — there is almost no muscle or fat left anywhere. The body has consumed its own tissues for energy. The child is extremely underweight, weak, and has a wizened, old-person appearance.

Kwashiorkor is trickier. It results from a protein deficiency even when calorie intake might be adequate (often from starchy foods). The hallmark sign is oedema — swelling in the feet, legs, and face. Why? Proteins in the blood (like albumin) normally hold water inside blood vessels. When protein levels drop, water leaks into the tissues. The child may have a potbelly, discoloured hair, and a miserable, apathetic expression.

Digestive Disorders: When the Machinery Fails

These are problems in the alimentary canal — from mouth to anus. Here are the ones you listed, with the key idea behind each.

Indigestion (Dyspepsia) is the most common. It's not a single disease but a feeling: pain, burning, or discomfort in the upper abdomen after eating. Causes range from eating too fast, spicy food, stress, to infections or acid reflux. The machinery is irritated but not broken.

Constipation is when faeces move too slowly through the large intestine. Water gets absorbed excessively, making the stool hard and difficult to pass. Low fibre intake, dehydration, or ignoring the urge to go are typical causes.

Jaundice is not a disease itself — it's a symptom. It means the skin and whites of the eyes turn yellow. This happens when there is too much bilirubin (a yellow pigment from broken-down red blood cells) in the blood. The liver normally processes bilirubin and sends it to the bile. If the liver is damaged (hepatitis, cirrhosis) or bile ducts are blocked, bilirubin builds up. So jaundice always points to a problem in the liver or bile system.

Vomiting is a forceful expulsion of stomach contents through the mouth. It's a reflex — the body's emergency eject button. It can be triggered by toxins, infections, motion sickness, or irritation of the stomach lining (gastritis). The brain's vomiting centre coordinates the whole thing.

Diarrhoea is the opposite of constipation — frequent, loose, watery stools. The intestine is rushing contents through before water can be absorbed. Causes include infections (bacterial, viral, parasitic), food poisoning, or inflammation. The real danger is dehydration and loss of electrolytes, which can be fatal, especially in children.

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