Q.Which has the larger radius, $Na$ or $Na^{+}$? Explain your answer and generalise the rule that relates the radius of a cation or an anion to the radius of its parent atom.

Atomic radii of transition elements decrease gradually moving left to right across a series, because nuclear charge rises steadily while each newly-added electron enters the same, already partly-filled (n-1)d subshell rather than a fresh outer shell; since d orbitals are diffuse and poorly-penetrating, d electrons shield the growing nuclear charge from each other only weakly, so effective nuclear charge climbs steadily and pulls the electron cloud progressively inward. Ionic radii follow the same underlying logic and can be examined two ways: for a FIXED oxidation state, ionic radius decreases across the row as nuclear charge rises (most cleanly seen for divalent ions, e.g. Cr2+ 82pm vs Cu2+ 73pm); and for a GIVEN element, ionic radius decreases going from a lower to a higher oxidation state (M2+ to M3+), since removing more electrons raises the effective nuclear charge on those remaining. The identical mechanism -- poor shielding by a diffuse, partly-filled inner subshell -- reappears for the f-block as lanthanoid contraction (4f electrons shielding poorly) and actinoid contraction (5f electrons shielding poorly), and the general concept of 'shielding'/'screening' (inner electrons partly blocking the nucleus's charge from outer electrons, so outer electrons feel a reduced effective nuclear charge, Zeff, rather than the full actual charge) underlies every one of these size trends.