Q.List the main sources of energy loss in a real transformer, and explain briefly how each of them is minimised in practice.

Copper loss. The primary and secondary windings both have some real resistance, so the current flowing through them dissipates $I^2R$ heat -- minimised by using thick, low-resistance winding wire.

Eddy-current (core) loss. The core itself is exposed to a continuously changing flux, which would induce large eddy currents in a solid iron block, wasting energy as heat -- minimised, exactly as covered for eddy currents generally, by building the core from thin, mutually insulated laminated sheets rather than one solid block.

Hysteresis loss. The core material is repeatedly magnetised and demagnetised, once every cycle, and this process itself dissipates a small amount of energy as heat on each cycle -- minimised by choosing a core material with a naturally 'soft' magnetic behaviour (easily and efficiently magnetised and demagnetised, with a narrow hysteresis loop). …

List each distinct loss mechanism in turn, and pair each with the specific design ch …

• Lumping eddy-current loss and hysteresis loss together as one 'core loss' without distinguishing their separate causes and separate remedies. …