Ch 8Motivation and Emotion — Class 11 Psychology, concept-first.

Why does a student put in ten or twelve hours of study a day to crack a tough entrance exam? Why does someone train for months to join a mountaineering expedition despite a physical disability? Why do…

The word motivation comes from the Latin word 'movere', meaning to move — so, quite literally, motivation is about what moves or activates behaviour.

Psychologists broadly sort human motives into two categories. Biological (or physiological) motives are guided mainly by the physiological mechanisms of the body — hunger, thirst and sex are the class…

The biological approach to motivation was the earliest serious attempt to explain the causes of behaviour, and its influence can still be traced in most theories that came after it.

Unlike biological motives, psychosocial (social) motives are mostly learned or acquired — complex motives that develop out of an individual's ongoing interaction with their social environment: family,…

Among the many views on human motivation, the most widely known is the one proposed by Abraham H.

Joy, sorrow, hope, love, excitement, anger, hate — feelings of this kind are part of everyone's day-to-day experience.

Emotion is an internal experience — it cannot be observed directly by anyone but the person having it.

Culture leaves a visible mark even on something as automatic-seeming as gaze behaviour during a conversation.

Cultures differ not only in how emotion is displayed but also in how finely they categorise and put names to it in language — this is called emotional labeling.

It is genuinely difficult to imagine living even a single day without experiencing any emotion at all — emotions are woven into the fabric of daily life and every relationship we have.

A disaster — whether natural, such as an earthquake, cyclone or tsunami, or man-made, such as war — causes serious disruption to the normal functioning of a society, bringing about material or environ…

For most students, an approaching examination brings on a churning stomach and a degree of anxiety, because any situation that involves being evaluated on one's performance tends to provoke anxiety.

Anger is a negative emotion that can, quite literally, carry a person's mind away, causing them to lose control over their own behaviour.

Emotions, including the negative ones, exist for a real purpose — they help us adapt to a constantly changing environment, and are important for both survival and overall well-being.

Motivation is the process behind persistent, goal-directed behaviour — behaviour that is generated and sustained by underlying driving forces such as needs, drives, goals and incentives, and that can…