Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow. Deaths related to the use of drugs were estim

Question

Q. Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow. Deaths related to the use of drugs were estimated at about 5,00,000 in 2019, 17\cdot5 percent more than in 2009. Liver diseases attributed to Hepatitis B are a major cause of drug-related deaths, according to UNODC, accounting for more than half of the total number of deaths attributed to the use of drugs. Drug overdoses account for a quarter of drug-related deaths. Opioids contribute to account for the most severe drug-related harm, including fatal overdoses, when used non-medically. At the global level, two-third of direct drug-related deaths are due to opioids, and in some sub-regions the proportion can be as high as three-quarters of such deaths.

(a) Why are people taking opioids more prone to liver diseases attributed to Hepatitis B ?

(b) What is meant by direct drug-related disease ?

(c)

(i) What is the scientific name of the plant from which the opioids are derived and from which part of the plant is it extracted ?

(OR)

(c)

(ii) State two common warning signs of drug abuse among the youth.

CBSECBSE Class XII Board 2025Subjective· 4mImportance★★★★★

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Part (a)Concept understanding — Health Effects

Health Effects — A First Look

Think about the last time you drank water from a roadside stall during summer. Your mind probably weighed two things: the immediate thirst, and the vague worry about whether the water was clean. That worry — that something in the environment might harm your body — is exactly what "health effects" means.

In simple terms, health effects are the changes — good or bad — that happen to your body and mind when you are exposed to something in your surroundings. That "something" could be polluted air, contaminated food, loud noise, stress at work, or even a new medicine. The key idea is that your environment and your health are not separate; they are constantly interacting.

The precise meaning

The NCERT textbook (Class 12, Business Studies, Chapter 12 — Consumer Protection) introduces health effects in the context of consumer awareness. When you buy a product or use a service, you have a right to know whether it will harm you. Health effects, therefore, refer to the physical or mental consequences that arise from using a product, consuming a food item, or living in a particular environment.

These effects can be:

Immediate — like a headache from a chemical smell, or food poisoning from stale food.
Long-term — like lung disease from years of breathing polluted air, or hearing loss from constant loud music.
Direct — like a burn from a faulty appliance.
Indirect — like stress and anxiety caused by unsafe living conditions.

Important

Health effects are not just about illness. They also include positive effects — for example, the health benefit of drinking clean water or using a well-designed ergonomic chair. The term is neutral; it simply describes the outcome of an exposure.

Why it matters for a commerce/humanities student

You might think health effects belong only in biology or medicine. But in commerce and humanities, they are central to consumer protection, business ethics, and public policy.

Consider a company that sells packaged food. If the food contains a harmful preservative, the health effect on consumers could be serious — and the company faces legal action, loss of reputation, and financial penalties. That is why the Consumer Protection Act, 2019, gives you the right to safety — meaning products must not cause harm under normal use.

Similarly, in economics, health effects are part of externalities. A factory that pollutes a river creates a negative health effect for people downstream — but the factory does not pay for that harm. Understanding health effects helps you see why governments regulate industries and why consumers need protection.

A few key points to remember

Health effects can be physical (like a rash, cough, or injury) or mental (like anxiety, depression, or stress).
They can arise from products (food, medicines, electronics), services (healthcare, transport), or environmental factors (air, water, noise). …

Part (b)Concept understanding — Health Effects

Health Effects — A First Look

The precise meaning

These effects can be:

Immediate — like a headache from a chemical smell, or food poisoning from stale food.
Long-term — like lung disease from years of breathing polluted air, or hearing loss from constant loud music.
Direct — like a burn from a faulty appliance.
Indirect — like stress and anxiety caused by unsafe living conditions.

Important

Why it matters for a commerce/humanities student

You might think health effects belong only in biology or medicine. But in commerce and humanities, they are central to consumer protection, business ethics, and public policy.

A few key points to remember

Health effects can be physical (like a rash, cough, or injury) or mental (like anxiety, depression, or stress).
They can arise from products (food, medicines, electronics), services (healthcare, transport), or environmental factors (air, water, noise). …

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Part (a): opioid users risk Hepatitis-B mainly through needle-sharing; a direct drug-related disease is one caused by the drug's own toxicity such as overdose; opioids come from the latex of the unripe capsule of Papaver somniferum.

Part (c): warning signs of youth drug abuse include behavioural changes (falling grades, withdrawal) and physical changes (bloodshot eyes, weight loss).

The passage links drug deaths to two main routes — infection (Hepatitis-B causing liver disease) and direct toxicity (overdose), with opioids responsible for the most severe harm.

Part (a)

Opioid use and Hepatitis-B. The link is behavioural, not pharmacological. Opioids like heroin are commonly injected, and users often share needles and syringes in non-sterile conditions. Hepatitis-B virus is blood-borne, so even a trace of infected blood in a shared needle can transmit it; risky sexual behaviour under intoxication adds another route. Once infected, chronic Hepatitis-B slowly damages the liver, causing the cirrhosis and liver failure the passage names as the leading cause of drug-related death.
Direct drug-related disease. This is illness or death caused immediately by the drug's own pharmacological/toxic action rather than by secondary infection or accident. The clearest example is a drug overdose: an excessive dose overwhelms the body — opioids suppress the brain's respiratory centre, breathing fails, and death can follow. Infections such as HIV or Hepatitis acquired from needles are indirect drug-related diseases. …

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Same / Similar Concept — real previous-year questions on the same or a closely similar concept, not this exact question.

CBSE 2026Set 57/3/11 markMCQ
$Q. Some statements regarding drugs and alcohol are given below :$
(i) Adolescents are more vulnerable to peer pressure.
(ii) Drug addiction leads to increased tolerance level of the receptors present in our body.
(iii) Alcohol affects the central nervous system.
(iv) Excessive use of drugs helps to increase energy.
(v) Anabolic steroids decrease aggressiveness. Choose the option with correct statement(s). (A) Statements (i),
(iv) and
(v) are correct (B) Statements (i),
(ii) and
(iii) are correct (C) Only statements
(i) and
(v) are correct (D) Only statement
(iii) is correct
›Reveal solutionSolution

Only statements (i), (ii), and (iii) are factually correct; statements (iv) and (v) are false.

Let’s look at each statement one by one, because this question tests not just memory but a clear understanding of how drugs and alcohol actually work in the body.

Statement (i) — Adolescents are more vulnerable to peer pressure. This is widely accepted. The teenage brain is still developing, especially the prefrontal cortex responsible for impulse control and long-term decision-making. At the same time, social belonging becomes intensely important. That combination makes adolescents genuinely more susceptible to peer influence, including pressure to try drugs or alcohol. So this statement is correct.

Statement (ii) — Drug addiction leads to increased tolerance level of the receptors present in our body. This is a precise and accurate point. With repeated use of many drugs, the body adapts. Receptors on nerve cells become less sensitive or reduce in number, so the user needs a larger dose to feel the same effect. That is exactly what tolerance means — it is a physiological change, not just a psychological one. So this statement is correct.

Statement (iii) — Alcohol affects the central nervous system. Absolutely. Alcohol is a central nervous system depressant. It slows down brain activity, impairs coordination, judgment, and reaction time, and in large amounts can lead to unconsciousness or even respiratory failure. This is one of the most basic facts about alcohol. So this statement is correct. …
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CBSE 2026Set ANNUAL1 mark
$Q. “Smoking causes oxygen deficiency in human body”. Justify the statement.$
›Reveal solutionSolution

Carbon monoxide in cigarette smoke binds haemoglobin more strongly than oxygen, reducing oxygen transport — so smoking causes oxygen deficiency.

Tobacco smoke contains carbon monoxide (CO) and nicotine. Haemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying pigment of blood, has a much higher affinity for CO than for oxygen (about 200 times). When a person smokes, CO binds haemoglobin to form stable carboxyhaemoglobin, so that much less haemoglobin is available to bind and transport oxygen.

…

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CBSE 2026Set ANNUAL1 mark
$Q. Write True or False. Cocaine is obtained from the leaves of the Erythroxylum coca and acts as a stimulant on the central nervous system.$
›Reveal solutionSolution

True — cocaine comes from the coca plant (Erythroxylum coca) and is a CNS stimulant.

In the CBSE/NCERT Human Health and Disease chapter (drugs and alcohol abuse), cocaine is extracted from the leaves of Erythroxylum coca, native to South America. It interferes with dopamine transport in the brain and acts as a powerful **stimulant …

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CBSE 2024Set 57/3/11 markMCQ
$Q. (A) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of the Assertion (A). (B) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of the Assertion (A). (C) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false. (D) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true. Assertion (A) : The chronic use of alcohol by a person leads to cirrhosis. Reason (R) : Alcohol addiction at times becomes the cause of mental and financial distress to the entire family of the addicted person.$
›Reveal solutionSolution
Assertion (A) is true because chronic alcohol use damages the liver, leading to cirrhosis. Reason (R) is also true as alcohol addiction causes significant mental and financial distress to families. However, Reason (R) does not explain the biological mechanism behind Assertion (A). Therefore, both statements are true, but R is not the correct explanation for A.

When tackling Assertion-Reason questions, the strategy is always two-fold:

Independently evaluate each statement: Determine if Assertion (A) is true or false, and if Reason (R) is true or false.

Check for explanatory power: If both (A) and (R) are true, then determine if Reason (R) provides a correct explanation for Assertion (A). Does R answer "why" A is true?

Let's apply this approach to the given statements.

Evaluating Assertion (A): "The chronic use of alcohol by a person leads to cirrhosis."

Cirrhosis is a severe and irreversible scarring of the liver, which impairs its ability to function. The liver is the primary organ responsible for metabolizing alcohol. Chronic and excessive alcohol consumption overwhelms the liver's capacity to process alcohol and its toxic byproducts, leading to inflammation (alcoholic hepatitis) and eventually the destruction of liver cells, which are replaced by fibrous scar tissue. This process is known as cirrhosis.

Therefore, Assertion (A) is a factually correct statement.

Evaluating Reason (R): "Alcohol addiction at times becomes the cause of mental and financial distress to the entire family of the addicted person."

Alcohol addiction is a complex disease with far-reaching consequences beyond the individual. It often leads to strained relationships, emotional instability, neglect of responsibilities, and significant financial burdens due to the cost of alcohol, lost employment, and potential medical expenses. These factors invariably cause immense mental and financial distress to the family members who are directly affected by the addicted person's behaviour and circumstances.

Therefore, Reason (R) is also a factually correct statement.

Determining if Reason (R) explains Assertion (A): …
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CBSE 2022Set ANNUAL1 markMCQ
$Q. Heroin is$
(a) mono acetyl morphine
(b) tri acetyl morphine
(c) di acetyl morphine
(d) tetra acetyl morphine
›Reveal solutionSolution

Heroin is diacetylmorphine, so the answer is (C).

Heroin, commonly called smack, is chemically diacetylmorphine. It is produced by the acetylation of morphine, an opioid alkaloid extracted from the latex of the poppy plant Papaver somniferum. Heroin is a white, odourless, bitter crystalline compound that acts as a depressant and slows down body functions …

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CBSE 2022Set ZOOLOGY1 markMCQ
$Q. LSD is a ______ type of drug.$
(i) stimulant
(ii) sedative
(iii) hallucinogen
(iv) narcotic
›Reveal solutionSolution

LSD is a hallucinogenic drug.

Drugs of abuse are grouped by their effect on the nervous system. LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) is a potent hallucinogen - it distorts perception, mood and thought, causing the user to see, hear or feel things that are not real (hallucinations). It is chemically related to substances from the fungus ergot. Stimulants (e.g. cocaine, amphetamines) speed up the CNS, sedatives/tranquilisers …

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CBSE 2019Set ANNUAL1 markMCQ
$Q. Match the following - Fluorosis:$
(a) Expiration
(b) Regeneration
(c) Solanaceae
(d) Fluorine
(e) Renal tubule
›Reveal solutionSolution

Fluorosis is a health disorder caused by consuming water or food containing excess fluoride over a long period.

When groundwater contains fluoride levels well above the safe limit, long-term consumption leads to fluorosis, which occurs in two main forms: dental fluorosis (mottling and discolouration of tooth enamel) and skeletal fluorosis (stiffness and pain in joints and bones …

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CBSE 2019Set ANNUAL1 markMCQ
$Q. Opium is obtained from-$
(a) Papaver somniferum
(b) Erythroxylum coca
(c) Cannabis sativa
(d) Atropa belladonna
›Reveal solutionSolution

Opium comes from the poppy Papaver somniferum.

Opium and opioid drugs (morphine, heroin/smack) are obtained from the latex of the poppy plant Papaver somniferum. Cocaine comes from Erythroxylum coca; cannabinoids (marijuana, has …

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CBSE 2018Set ANNUAL1 markMCQ
$Q. The immediate metabolic changes in the body noticed after consuming tobacco is-$
(a) Release of catecholamines due to stimulation of Adrenal gland.
(b) Sudden increase in BP & Heart beat.
(c) 'A' & 'B' both
(d) None of these
›Reveal solutionSolution

Tobacco/nicotine → adrenal release of catecholamines → raised BP and heart rate (both).

Tobacco contains nicotine, an alkaloid that stimulates the adrenal glands to release catecholamines — adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine). These hormones increase heart rate and constrict blood vessels, producing a **sudde …

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CBSE 2018Set ANNUAL1 markMCQ
$Q. Which of the following disease is generated by allergens?$
(a) Skin cancer
(b) Hay fever
(c) Enteric fever
(d) Goitre
›Reveal solutionSolution

Hay fever is an allergen-triggered (allergic) condition.

Allergy is an exaggerated immune response (hypersensitivity) to normally harmless substances called allergens (pollen, dust mites, animal dander, etc.). Exposure releases chemicals such as histamine and serotonin from mast cells, producing symptoms. Hay fever (allergic rhinitis) is a classic allergen-induced disease with sneez …

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Part (a)

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