Q.Describe any four e-governance initiatives adopted in India as public programmes.

India has moved many government services online under a broad national digital programme.

India delivers many government services electronically, chiefly under the broad national programme commonly known as Digital India, which aims to expand digital infrastructure and put services online. Four initiatives (any four):

1. Online tax services — electronic filing of income-tax returns by citizens and of GST by businesses, saving visits and paperwork.
2. Citizen service centres — common service centres and state portals (such as state-run e-Seva/Setu-type centres) where citizens can pay bills and obtain certificates and services in one place, including in rural areas.
3. Digital identity — a unique identity number scheme that lets citizens verify who they are electronically for many services.
4. Direct benefit transfer — welfare payments and subsidies sent straight into citizens' bank accounts, reducing leakage and middlemen.
5. Online land and property records — computerised records that citizens can view and use. …

Naming private companies or commercial apps as 'e-governance initiatives'. E-governance initiatives are government programmes and services; keep the answer to public schemes …