Q.Explain the security measures used to make e-commerce transactions safe.

Because money and data travel over public networks, e-commerce uses several layers of protection to keep transactions safe.

Security in e-commerce aims to ensure four things about each transaction: confidentiality (only the right people see the data), integrity (the data is not altered in transit), authentication (each party is genuine), and non-repudiation (a party cannot later deny the transaction). The following measures achieve these goals.

1. Encryption — data is scrambled into an unreadable form so that even if intercepted it cannot be understood; only the intended recipient can decrypt it. This is the backbone of online security.
2. SSL/TLS — encrypts the connection between the buyer's browser and the website, shown by 'https' and the padlock symbol, so payment details travel safely.
3. Digital signatures and digital certificates — authenticate the parties and confirm that a website or message is genuine and unaltered.
4. Firewalls — hardware or software that block unauthorised access to a network from outside.
5. Passwords and two-factor authentication (OTP) — confirm that the genuine account holder is authorising the transaction.
6. Antivirus software and regular updates — protect the buyer's and seller's own devices from viruses and malware. …

Naming threats (hacking, phishing) when the question asks for security measures (defences). Read whether the question wants …