Q.Antibiotic Chloromycetin is obtained from .....................

Beyond everyday food, industrial-scale fermentation in large vessels called fermenters is used to manufacture alcoholic beverages, organic acids, vitamins, enzymes, antibiotics and plant growth hormones. Alcoholic beverages — a practice in India since Vedic times (5000–7000 BC) — are produced when yeasts, especially Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. ellipsoidis (brewer's yeast), ferment malted cereals or fruit juices into ethanol, giving wine and beer (undistilled) or whiskey, brandy and rum (distilled), typically in a tubular tower fermenter; regional examples include a fermented palm-sap drink from coastal South India and Goa's cashew-fruit wine, fenny. Organic acids produced microbially include citric acid and gluconic acid (both from Aspergillus niger), fumaric acid (from Rhizopus arrhizus) and acetic acid/vinegar (from Acetobacter aceti). Vitamins that cannot be made by the human body (except vitamin D) are manufactured using microbes, including vitamin B2 (Neurospora gossypii or Eremothecium ashbyi), vitamin B12 (Pseudomonas denitrificans) and vitamin C (Aspergillus niger). Antibiotics — mostly secondary metabolites that inhibit competing microbial pathogens — include chloromycetin (Streptomyces venezuelae), erythromycin (Streptomyces erythreus), penicillin (Penicillium chrysogenum), streptomycin (Streptomyces griseus), griseofulvin (Penicillium griseofulvum), bacitracin (Bacillus licheniformis) and oxytetracycline/terramycin (Streptomyces aurifaciens). Enzymes produced commercially include invertase (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), pectinase (Sclerotinia libertina, Aspergillus niger), lipase (Candida lipolytica) and cellulase (Trichoderma konigii), used across textiles, paper, food processing, detergents and cosmetics; medically, streptokinase (from Streptococcus species) dissolves dangerous blood clots, and statins (from the yeast Monascus purpureus) lower blood cholesterol by inhibiting its synthesising enzyme. Gibberellin, first isolated in 1938 by Yabuta and Sumiki from rice seedlings infected with the fungus Gibberella fujikuroi, is a plant hormone group produced by higher plants and fungi that is used to induce parthenocarpy, break seed dormancy, induce flowering in long-day plants, and enlarge grape fruit size.