Q.When the balance point is obtained in the potentiometer, a current is drawn from (A) both the cells and auxiliary battery (B) cell only (C) auxiliary battery only (D) neither cell nor auxiliary battery

The potentiometer measures emf by a null-deflection (zero-current) method, so it draws no current from the cell and gives the true emf, not just terminal voltage.

A potentiometer is used to measure the emf of a cell. Its working principle is based on comparing the emf of the unknown cell against a known potential gradient along a uniform wire, using a balance-point (null-deflection) method: at the balancing length, no current is drawn from the cell being measured, so internal-resistance drop does not corrupt the reading — unlike a voltmeter, which always draws some current and therefore reads the terminal voltage (slightly less than the true emf).

The 10 mV source balances against the potential across 40 cm of wire. With driving current I = 2/(R+10), the drop across 40 cm is I·10·(40/100) = 4I = 0·01 V, giving R = 790 Ω. Option (c).

Step 1 — driving-loop current (emf 2 V, negligible internal resistance, wire 10 Ω in series with R):

I = 2/(R + 10).

Step 2 — potential drop across the full 100 cm wire = I × 10 V; across 40 cm it is a fraction 40/100:

V₄₀ = I × 10 × (40/100) = 4I.

Step 3 — at balance this equals the unknown emf, 10 mV = 0·01 V:

4I = 0·01 → I = 0·0025 A.

Step 4 — solve for R:

0·0025 = 2/(R + 10) → R + 10 = 800 → R = 790 Ω.

The potentiometer as a null-deflection instrument is a standard NCERT/CBSE Class 12 Physics topic in Current Electricity.

A potentiometer mainly measures potential difference (and EMF).

A potentiometer works on the principle that the potential drop across a length of uniform wire carrying a steady current is proportional to that length. By finding the balance (null) point it compares an unknown potential difference or EMF against a known one, drawing no current from the source at balance. Thus it primarily measures potential difference (and hence EMF, internal resistance, etc., all derived from p.d. measurements).

A potentiometer measures potential difference without drawing any current at the balance point, making it more accurate than a voltmeter, which always draws some current.

A voltmeter, however high its resistance, is still a finite-resistance device connected across the points being measured, so it always draws a small current and hence slightly changes the very potential difference it is trying to measure — introducing an error, particularly noticeable when measuring the emf of a cell with internal resistance. A potentiometer, by contrast, works on a null-deflection (balance) principle: at the balance point, no current is drawn from the source being measured, so it gives the true emf/potential difference. This makes the potentiometer the more accurate instrument, i.e., superior to the voltmeter, not the other way round.

A potentiometer measures emf accurately because it works on a null method drawing no current from the cell.

A voltmeter always draws a small current, so it reads terminal voltage (emf minus the internal-resistance drop), not the true emf. A potentiometer is balanced until no current flows through the cell being tested; at balance the cell delivers zero current, its internal resistance causes no drop, and the reading equals the true emf. This is why NCERT/CBSE Class 12 calls the potentiometer the accurate emf-measuring instrument.

Potential drop per unit length along the potentiometer wire.

The potential gradient of a potentiometer wire is defined as the fall in potential per unit length of the wire:

$K = \frac{V}{L}$

where $V$ is the potential difference maintained across the wire of length $L$. Its SI unit is volt per metre (V/m).

The device described is the potentiometer.

A potentiometer works on the principle that the potential drop along a uniform wire is proportional to its length ($V \propto l$) when a steady current flows. Because it draws no current from the cell at the balance point, it acts as an ideal voltmeter and can:

• measure potential difference accurately,

• determine the internal resistance of a cell,

• compare the emfs of two cells.

A potentiometer measures emf accurately because at the balance point no current is drawn from the cell being tested, ensuring the terminal voltage equals the true emf. The answer is (B).

Potential gradient K = V/L falls as L rises (V fixed), and the balance length l = emf/K, so l grows.

For a potentiometer, the potential gradient is $K = \dfrac{V}{L}$, where $V$ is the (constant) potential difference maintained across the wire and $L$ its length. The balancing length for an emf $\varepsilon$ is $l = \varepsilon/K$. If $L$ increases while $V$ stays fixed, $K$ decreases, so for the same $\varepsilon$, $l = \varepsilon/K$ increases — the null point shifts to a larger distance.

A potentiometer measures e.m.f. exactly because, at balance, it draws no current from the cell — a voltmeter always draws some current and so under-reads.

Why a voltmeter can't measure true e.m.f. exactly: A voltmeter, however high its resistance, always draws a small but non-zero current $i$ from the cell being measured. This current causes a potential drop $ir$ across the cell's internal resistance $r$, so the voltmeter actually reads the terminal potential difference $V = \varepsilon - ir$, which is slightly less than the true e.m.f. $\varepsilon$.

Why a potentiometer can: A potentiometer works on a null-deflection (balance point) principle — it compares the unknown cell's e.m.f. against a known potential drop along a uniform wire, and adjusts the balance length until the galvanometer shows zero deflection. At this exact balance point, no current at all is drawn from the cell being measured (that is precisely what balanced/null means here), so there is no $ir$ drop, and the potentiometer reads the cell's true, full e.m.f. $\varepsilon$.

Let's check the options: (a) is false — a voltmeter draws current, a potentiometer at balance draws none, so they are not equal.

(b) is false — reversed.

(c) is close but imprecise — at balance the potentiometer draws exactly zero, not just less.

(d) is precisely correct.

A potentiometer measures potential difference/emf without drawing current at balance, so it acts as an ideal voltmeter.

An ordinary voltmeter has finite resistance and always draws a small current from the circuit it is measuring, so it slightly reduces the reading (it cannot measure true emf).

A potentiometer works on a null (balance) method: the unknown potential difference is balanced against a known potential drop along a wire. At balance no current flows through the galvanometer branch, so the source under test delivers no current. Because it measures the potential difference without loading the source, its behaviour is that of a voltmeter with infinite resistance — an ideal voltmeter.