Q.Mention briefly any two processes of vaccine production. What do you mean by Bt cotton? (2+1)

Vaccines can be produced from weakened live pathogens or via recombinant DNA technology; Bt cotton is a transgenic crop engineered with a bacterial toxin gene for pest resistance.

Two processes of vaccine production:

1. Using attenuated (weakened, live) pathogens: the disease-causing organism is weakened in the laboratory so it can no longer cause serious disease, but still triggers a full immune response and generates immunological memory. Example: the oral polio vaccine (Sabin/OPV), BCG for tuberculosis.
2. Using recombinant DNA technology: the gene coding for a specific antigenic (surface) protein of the pathogen is identified, isolated, and inserted into a harmless host organism (like yeast), which then expresses and produces the pure antigenic protein in bulk. This protein alone is used as the vaccine, since it stimulates immunity without any risk of the actual infection. Example: the recombinant Hepatitis B vaccine, produced by expressing the viral surface antigen gene in yeast cells. …