Q.Explain the following two processes of introducing vectors with recombinant DNA within bacteria or other host cell :

Ligation is the permanent joining of a cut vector and a cut DNA insert into one continuous recombinant DNA molecule, carried out by the enzyme DNA ligase, which forms a covalent phosphodiester bond sealing the nicks left in the DNA backbone after the complementary sticky ends of the vector and insert have base-paired together. Once ligated, the resulting recombinant plasmid is introduced into a host cell -- most commonly a competent bacterium taking up the plasmid by transformation, but also by micro-injection into animal cells, the gene gun (biolistic) method for plant cells, or using a disarmed Agrobacterium tumefaciens as a natural DNA-delivery vector for plants. Because only a small fraction of treated host cells …