Q.What is carcinogen? How can you prevent the occurrence of cancer? OR Draw and describe the structure of a typical antibody.

Carcinogens damage DNA and trigger uncontrolled cell division; prevention relies on avoiding known carcinogens and catching abnormal growths early.

A carcinogen is any agent — physical (e.g., ionising radiation, UV rays), chemical (e.g., tobacco tar, certain industrial chemicals), or biological (e.g., oncogenic viruses such as HPV) — capable of causing cancer by damaging DNA and activating proto-oncogenes into oncogenes, leading to uncontrolled, invasive cell proliferation.

Prevention of cancer:

• Avoiding tobacco (smoking/chewing) and excessive alcohol consumption, the leading preventable causes.
• Minimising exposure to radiation (X-rays, UV rays) and known carcinogenic chemicals/pollutants.
• Maintaining a healthy, balanced diet rich in fibre and low in processed/fatty foods. …