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Exercise · Q15

Q.Explain why CH3F\text{CH}_3\text{F} has the lowest boiling point and CH3I\text{CH}_3\text{I} the highest among the methyl halides CH3F\text{CH}_3\text{F}, CH3Cl\text{CH}_3\text{Cl}, CH3Br\text{CH}_3\text{Br} and CH3I\text{CH}_3\text{I}, even though the C–F\text{C--F} bond is the most polar of the four.

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Boiling point depends on the total strength of intermolecular attraction between molecules, which is the sum of a dipole-dipole contribution (from the polar C--X bond) and a London dispersion contribution (which grows with how easily the electron cloud around each atom can be distorted, i.e. polarisability, and generally with atomic/molecular mass). Fluorine has the highest electronegativity of the halogens, so CH3F\text{CH}_3\text{F} has the most polar C--X bond of the four methyl halides -- but fluorine is also the smallest and least polarisable halogen, so its dispersion contribution is the weakest. Iodine is the opposite: the least electronegative and least polar bond, but by far the largest, most polarisable, most massive halogen, giving the strongest dispersion contribution. Since the dispersion contribution changes far more dramatically across this series than the dipole contribution does, it dominates the trend, and boiling point rises steadily from CH3F\text{CH}_3\text{F} to CH3I\text{CH}_3\text{I}.

✓Final answer

Boiling point rises from CH3F to CH3I because the growing polarisability/mass of the halogen down the group strengthens dispersion forces more than the shrinking bond polarity weakens dipole forces.

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