Grammar (Integrated & Error-Based)

Grammar (Integrated & Error-Based)

The grammar portion of Section B tests accuracy in context. Questions are usually integrated — set inside sentences or a short passage — rather than as isolated rule-quoting. The common formats are gap-filling, editing/omission, sentence transformation, and reported speech / voice change. A quick tour of the core areas:

Tenses — use the right time and aspect. Simple present for habits/facts (She writes daily), present continuous for now (is writing), present perfect for an action with present relevance (has written), past simple for finished time (wrote yesterday). Keep tense consistent across a sentence.

Modals — express mood: can/could (ability, possibility), may/might (permission, possibility), must/should (obligation, advice), would (willingness, hypothesis). Choose by degree of certainty or obligation.

Determiners — articles (a/an/the) and quantifiers (some, any, much, many, little, few). A/an for singular countable first mentions; the for specific or known things; much/little with uncountables, many/few with countables.

Subject-verb agreement — the verb matches the subject in number. Watch for tricky subjects: Each/Everyone/Neither take a singular verb; collective nouns usually singular; "one of the + plural + singular verb" (One of the boys is...).

Reported speech — when reporting, shift the tense back one step, change pronouns and time/place words (now -> then, today -> that day), and use the right reporting verb (said, told, asked, advised).

Active/Passive voice — in the passive, the object becomes the subject, use the right form of be + past participle, and add by + agent if needed (The letter was written by Ravi).

Gap-filling / Editing / Transformation — fill blanks with the grammatically required word; in editing, spot one error per line (wrong tense, missing article, wrong preposition) and give the correction; in transformation, rewrite keeping the meaning (e.g. change voice, join sentences, convert direct to indirect).

CBSE marking scheme. Grammar items are usually one mark per correct response, marked strictly — the answer is either right or wrong, so precision matters.

Model example (editing).

Incorrect: She go to school every day and studies hardly. …