Q.An amplifier has a gain of 600 with feedback ratio 0.05. Calculate the gain and output impedance with negative feedback. Given output impedance without feedback is 200 Ohm.

A low output impedance is desirable so that an amplifier can deliver voltage or power to a load without much internal loss. Voltage series negative feedback, which samples the output voltage, provides this.

To find the output impedance, the input is short-circuited ($V_s = 0$) and a hypothetical voltage source $V_o$ is applied at the output, driving a current $I_o$. The amplifier is modelled as a dependent source $A V_i$ in series with its internal output impedance $Z_o$. By definition $Z_{of} = V_o/I_o$, and applying KVL around the output loop gives

With the source shorted, the net input is just the opposing feedback voltage, $V_i = -V_f = -\beta V_o$. Substituting,

so

$Z_{of} = \frac{Z_o}{1 + A\beta}.$ …