Q.Describe the role of flocs of filamentous fungi and bacteria in the activated sludge process, including what happens to the sludge once BOD has been significantly reduced.

Let’s place this in context. In a modern sewage treatment plant, the water that enters after primary treatment — where solid debris and grit are removed — still contains a heavy load of dissolved organic matter. To break this down, the plant relies on a biological step called the activated sludge process. Here, air is bubbled vigorously through the effluent in a large aeration tank. This oxygen-rich environment encourages the rapid growth of aerobic bacteria and other microbes. These microorganisms form flocs — sticky, clumpy masses — and they consume the organic pollutants as food. The result is a thick, dark liquid teeming with bacteria: that is the activated sludge.

So the Assertion (A) — that activated sludge contains a large population of bacteria — is perfectly correct. The NCERT textbook explicitly states that “the effluent is passed into an aeration tank where it is constantly agitated mechanically and air is pumped into it. This allows vigorous growth of useful aerobic microbes into flocs.” Those flocs are the activated sludge, and they are indeed packed with bacteria. …