Compound ‘A’ with molecular formula $\mathrm{C_4H_9Br}$ is treated with aq. KOH solution. The rate of this reaction depends upon the concentration of the compound ‘A’ only. When another optically active isomer ‘B’ of this compound was treated with aq. KOH solution, the rate of reaction was found to be dependent on concentration of compound and KOH both. (i) Write down the structural formula of both compounds ‘A’ and ‘B’. (ii) Out of these two compounds, which one will be converted to the product with inverted configuration.

Compound ‘A’ with molecular formula mathrmC₄H₉Br is treated with aq. KOH solution. The rate of this reaction d

NCERT Exemplar · Q55

\mathrm{C_4H_9Br}

(i) Write down the structural formula of both compounds ‘A’ and ‘B’.

(ii) Out of these two compounds, which one will be converted to the product with inverted configuration.

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Concept understanding — SN1 Reactivity Order

The Core Intuition: Who Wants to Leave, and Who Can Wait?

Imagine you're at a party where the host (the leaving group) is about to leave. The party (the reaction) happens in two stages. First, the host walks out the door — that's the slow, painful step. Then, a new guest (the nucleophile) rushes in to take the empty spot.

The SN1 reaction works exactly like this: the leaving group leaves first, forming a carbocation intermediate. The nucleophile attacks after the leaving group is gone. This means the rate of the reaction depends only on how easily the leaving group can leave — it does not depend on the nucleophile at all.

So the question becomes: What makes a carbocation form easily? The answer is stability. A carbocation that is more stable will form faster and last longer, making the SN1 reaction faster.

The Precise Statement of SN1 Reactivity Order

\text{Allylic} \approx \text{Benzyl} > 3^\circ > 2^\circ \gg 1^\circ \approx \text{Methyl}

This is the order of how fast the SN1 reaction proceeds. Let's unpack why.

Why This Order? The Stability Ladder

A carbocation is a carbon with only six electrons in its valence shell — it's electron-deficient and positively charged. The more you can spread out (delocalize) that positive charge, the more stable the carbocation becomes.

1. Methyl and 1° Carbocations: The Unstable Ones

A methyl carbocation ( $\ce{CH3+}$ ) has no alkyl groups attached to the positive carbon. There is zero electron-donating effect to stabilize the charge. It is so unstable that it practically never forms in an SN1 reaction — the reaction simply doesn't happen.

A primary (1°) carbocation has one alkyl group attached. Alkyl groups are weakly electron-donating (through hyperconjugation and inductive effect), so it's slightly more stable than methyl — but still far too unstable to form under normal SN1 conditions.

Watch out

Never say "SN1 happens on a primary carbon" in an exam. It is essentially impossible under standard conditions because the carbocation is too unstable.

2. Secondary (2°) Carbocations: The Borderline Case

A secondary carbocation has two alkyl groups donating electron density. It is moderately stable — stable enough to form, but only under certain conditions (like a good leaving group and a polar protic solvent). SN1 reactions on secondary carbons are possible, but they are slower than on tertiary carbons.

3. Tertiary (3°) Carbocations: The Sweet Spot

Three alkyl groups donate electron density to the positive carbon. This makes the carbocation very stable. Tertiary alkyl halides undergo SN1 reactions readily — they are the classic example.

4. Allylic and Benzylic: The Champions

These are special cases. In an allylic carbocation, the positive charge is adjacent to a carbon-carbon double bond. The $\pi$ electrons of the double bond can delocalize the positive charge onto the second carbon:

\ce{CH2=CH-CH2+} \leftrightarrow \ce{+CH2-CH=CH2}

Two resonance structures of the allyl carbocation, CH2=CH-CH2+, with the positive charge delocalised between the two terminal carbons (Structure I and Structure II)

In a benzylic carbocation, the positive charge is adjacent to a benzene ring. The $\pi$ system of the ring delocalizes the charge across multiple carbons:

\ce{C6H5-CH2+} \leftrightarrow \text{(several resonance structures)}

Here are those resonance structures — the positive charge cycles from the CH₂ carbon onto the ortho and para positions of the ring:

Four resonance structures of the benzyl carbocation, C6H5-CH2+, with curved electron-pushing arrows showing the positive charge delocalising from the exocyclic CH2 carbon onto the ortho and para ring carbons

This resonance stabilization makes allylic and benzylic carbocations even more stable than tertiary ones. They form the fastest in SN1 reactions.

The Complete Picture in a Table

|------------------|-----------|----------------|---------| …

Why this formula?

SN1 Reactivity Order: Why It Holds

The SN1 reaction (Substitution Nucleophilic Unimolecular) proceeds via a carbocation intermediate. The reactivity order is determined entirely by the stability of this carbocation — because the rate-determining step is its formation.

The Core Principle

The rate law for SN1 is:

\text{Rate} = k[\text{RX}]

Only the substrate appears in the rate law — the nucleophile does not participate in the slow step. The slow step is:

\text{RX} \xrightarrow{\text{slow}} \text{R}^+ + \text{X}^-

Thus, anything that stabilizes the carbocation (R⁺) lowers the activation energy and increases the reaction rate.

The Reactivity Order

For alkyl halides (RX), the SN1 reactivity order is:

\text{Allylic} > \text{Benzyllic} > \text{Tertiary} > \text{Secondary} > \text{Primary} > \text{Methyl}

Let's break down why each step holds.

1. Why Tertiary > Secondary > Primary > Methyl?

This is purely about hyperconjugation and inductive effect.

Tertiary carbocation: Three alkyl groups donate electron density via hyperconjugation (C–H σ bonds overlap with empty p orbital) and +I effect. This spreads the positive charge over more atoms → most stable.
Secondary: Two alkyl groups → less stabilization.
Primary: Only one alkyl group → very little stabilization.
Methyl: No alkyl groups → least stable (only inductive effect from H atoms, which is negligible).

Key formula: The number of α-hydrogens (H on carbons adjacent to the positive carbon) determines hyperconjugation. More α-H → more resonance structures → more stable.

2. Why Allylic and Benzylic Are Even Faster

These carbocations are resonance-stabilized.

Allylic carbocation: The positive charge is delocalized over two carbon atoms via π-bond conjugation:

\text{CH}_2 = \text{CH} - \text{CH}_2^+ \longleftrightarrow \text{CH}_2^+ - \text{CH} = \text{CH}_2

Two resonance structures of the allyl carbocation with the positive charge shared between the two terminal CH2 carbons

Benzylic carbocation: The positive charge is delocalized into the aromatic ring:

\text{C}_6\text{H}_5 - \text{CH}_2^+ \longleftrightarrow \text{several resonance forms involving the ring}

Those resonance forms look like this:

Resonance structures of the benzylic carbocation C6H5-CH2+ showing the positive charge delocalised onto the ortho and para carbons of the benzene ring

This resonance stabilization is so powerful that even a primary allylic or benzylic carbocation is more stable than a tertiary alkyl carbocation.

3. The Complete Order (with reasoning) …

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The key is that a reaction whose rate depends only on the substrate concentration follows SN1 (unimolecular) kinetics, while a reaction whose rate depends on both substrate and base concentration follows SN2 (bimolecular) kinetics. Compound A is tert-butyl bromide (2-bromo-2-methylpropane), and compound B is 2-bromobutane (optically active). Only the SN2 reaction (compound B) gives inversion of configuration.

1. Understanding the rate dependence

The problem gives two different kinetic behaviours for two isomers of $\mathrm{C_4H_9Br}$ .

For compound A: rate depends only on [A]. That means the rate law is:

\text{Rate} = k[\text{A}]

This is characteristic of an SN1 reaction — the slow step is the unimolecular dissociation of the C–Br bond to form a carbocation. The nucleophile (here, OH⁻ from aq. KOH) does not appear in the rate law because it attacks in a fast second step.

For compound B: rate depends on both [B] and [KOH]. That means:

\text{Rate} = k[\text{B}][\text{OH}^-]

This is characteristic of an SN2 reaction — the slow step is bimolecular, involving both the substrate and the nucleophile simultaneously.

Important

The molecular formula $\mathrm{C_4H_9Br}$ has four structural isomers. Only one of them is chiral (optically active): 2-bromobutane. The other three are achiral.

2. Identifying compound A (SN1 substrate)

For an SN1 reaction to be favourable, the substrate must form a relatively stable carbocation. Among $\mathrm{C_4H_9Br}$ isomers, the one that gives the most stable carbocation is tert-butyl bromide (2-bromo-2-methylpropane): $(CH_3)_3C{-}Br$

Why? Because the carbocation formed after Br⁻ leaves is a tertiary carbocation — stabilised by three alkyl groups via hyperconjugation and inductive effects. Tertiary carbocations are much more stable than secondary or primary ones, so SN1 is fast.

Also, tert-butyl bromide is achiral (no chiral centre), so it cannot have an optically active isomer. That matches the fact that compound A is not described as optically active.

\text{Allylic/Benzylic} > 3^\circ > 2^\circ > 1^\circ > \text{Methyl}

So compound A is:

\boxed{\text{CH}_3\text{--C(Br)(CH}_3\text{)--CH}_3 \quad (\text{2-bromo-2-methylpropane})}

3. Identifying compound B (SN2 substrate)

Compound B is an optically active isomer of $\mathrm{C_4H_9Br}$ . Optical activity requires a chiral carbon — a carbon with four different substituents.

The only $\mathrm{C_4H_9Br}$ isomer that has a chiral centre is 2-bromobutane:

      CH₃
      |
H—C—Br
      |
      CH₂CH₃

The chiral carbon (C2) is attached to: H, Br, CH₃, and CH₂CH₃ — all four different. This molecule exists as a pair of enantiomers, and a pure enantiomer is optically active.

For SN2 to be the dominant mechanism, the substrate should be sterically unhindered so that the nucleophile can approach from the back side. 2-Bromobutane is a secondary alkyl halide — it can react by either SN1 or SN2 depending on conditions. But here, the rate law clearly shows bimolecular kinetics, so under these conditions (aq. KOH, a strong nucleophile in a polar protic solvent), SN2 is favoured. …

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Method: SN1 vs SN2 Reactivity Analysis

The key is to identify the substitution mechanism from the rate law, then deduce the structure.

Step 1 — Identify the mechanism from rate dependence

Compound A: Rate depends only on [A] → SN1 (unimolecular, first-order).
Compound B: Rate depends on [B] and [KOH] → SN2 (bimolecular, second-order).

Step 2 — Relate mechanism to alkyl halide structure

For $\mathrm{C_4H_9Br}$ , the possible isomers are:

Isomer	Structure	Type
1-bromobutane	$\mathrm{CH_3CH_2CH_2CH_2Br}$	Primary
2-bromobutane	$\mathrm{CH_3CH_2CHBrCH_3}$	Secondary (chiral)
1-bromo-2-methylpropane	$\mathrm{(CH_3)_2CHCH_2Br}$	Primary
2-bromo-2-methylpropane	$\mathrm{(CH_3)_3CBr}$	Tertiary

SN1 (A) requires a stable carbocation → tertiary halide.
SN2 (B) requires an optically active isomer → chiral secondary halide.

Step 3 — Assign structures

(i) Structural formulas

Compound A (SN1, rate depends only on [A]):

2-bromo-2-methylpropane (tertiary)

$\mathrm{(CH_3)_3CBr}$
Compound B (SN2, rate depends on both, optically active):

2-bromobutane (secondary, chiral)

$\mathrm{CH_3CH_2CHBrCH_3}$ …

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Same / Similar Concept — real previous-year questions on the same or a closely similar concept, not this exact question.

Showing the 12 most recent of 17 on this concept.

AP EAPCET 2026Set eng-2026-05-13-FN1 markMCQ
$X$
›Reveal solutionSolution
X is a secondary bromide, Y a primary bromide, Z a tertiary bromide. Since SN1 rate depends on carbocation stability (3° > 2° > 1°), the reactivity order is Z > X > Y.

Concept and Intuition

$S_N1$ reactions proceed through a carbocation intermediate in the rate-determining step, so their rate is governed almost entirely by how stable that carbocation is — the more stable the carbocation (more substituted = more hyperconjugation/inductive electron donation from alkyl groups), the faster the $S_N1$ reaction. This immediately tells us the reactivity order among alkyl halides towards $S_N1$ : tertiary > secondary >> primary (primary halides essentially never go by $S_N1$ due to the very unstable primary carbocation).

So the actual chemistry of the reactions is secondary to correctly identifying the type of halide (1°, 2°, or 3°) each one produces.

Step-by-Step Solution

Reaction I: $\mathrm{CH_2=CH-CH_2-CH_3}$ (but-1-ene) + HBr, normal ionic addition → Markovnikov's rule: $\mathrm{H^+}$ adds to the terminal (less substituted) carbon, generating the more stable secondary carbocation at C2, which $\mathrm{Br^-}$ then attacks → X = 2-bromobutane (a secondary halide).

Reaction II: same alkene + HBr in presence of a peroxide, $(\mathrm{C_6H_5CO})_2\mathrm{O_2}$ → this triggers the free-radical (peroxide/Kharasch) mechanism, which is anti-Markovnikov: $\mathrm{Br}^{\bullet}$ adds first to the terminal carbon (forming the more stable secondary radical at C2), and the halogen ends up on the terminal carbon → Y = 1-bromobutane (a primary halide). …
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AP EAPCET 2026Set eng-2026-05-14-FN1 markMCQ
$C_4H_9Br$
›Reveal solutionSolution
A is a primary $C_4H_9Br$ isomer: its Wurtz coupling product B is a fairly symmetric $C_8H_{18}$ alkane giving only a small number of monochloro products on photochlorination. Being primary, A reacts with a moderate base/nucleophile like sodium ethoxide mainly by substitution ( $S_N2$ ), not elimination. Answer: predominantly substitution with $NaOC_2H_5$ .

Concept and Intuition

The Wurtz reaction couples two identical alkyl halide molecules via loss of the halide (as NaX) to form a symmetric alkane with double the carbon count. Photochemical (free-radical) chlorination of that alkane substitutes different types of hydrogen atoms, and the number of distinct monochloro products equals the number of chemically distinct hydrogen environments in the molecule — fewer distinct environments (a more symmetric alkane) means fewer monochloro products, which is a strong clue about how symmetric/branched the parent alkyl halide is.

Among the four possible reactivity/behaviour statements, we test each candidate structure:

A primary halide (e.g. n-butyl or isobutyl bromide) is not chiral, does not favor $S_N1$ (primary carbocations are unstable), reacts with alkoxide bases predominantly via $S_N2$ substitution (only mildly reduced by beta-branching), and cannot be made by HX addition to an internal alkene like but-2-ene (which would give a secondary halide instead).

A secondary halide (2-bromobutane) is chiral AND can be made from but-2-ene + HBr — giving two simultaneously 'true' statements, which is inconsistent with a single-answer MCQ, ruling it out as the intended compound.

A tertiary halide (tert-butyl bromide) reacts via $S_N1$ /E1 and gives (famously) only ONE type of monochloro product from its highly symmetric coupling product — its defining reactivity statement is the $S_N1$ one, not the substitution-with-ethoxide one.

Given the clue of only a small number (few, not many) monochloro products from B, and that this must correspond to an answer choice that is uniquely and unambiguously true, the primary-halide identification (giving statement C) is the internally consistent choice.

Step-by-Step Solution

A is a primary $C_4H_9Br$ isomer; Wurtz coupling with Na/dry ether gives a symmetric $C_8H_{18}$ alkane B.

Photochemical chlorination of B substitutes at its few distinct types of C–H bonds, consistent with a small number of monochloro products for a primary-derived, moderately symmetric alkane. …
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AP EAPCET 2026Set eng-2026-05-18-FN1 markMCQ
$C_6H_5Cl$
›Reveal solutionSolution
This tests the distinction between allylic/benzylic positions (which give resonance-stabilized carbocations on ionization) and aryl/vinylic positions (which do not); only benzyl chloride (II) and allyl bromide (IV) qualify.

Concept and Intuition

Resonance stabilization of a carbocation requires the empty p-orbital on the cationic carbon to overlap with an adjacent $\pi$ system so the positive charge can delocalize. This overlap geometry exists when the leaving group sits on an $sp^3$ carbon next to a ring (benzylic) or a double bond (allylic) — ionization then produces a cation whose empty orbital is perfectly aligned with the neighbouring $\pi$ system. It does not exist when the leaving group is itself on the $sp^2$ carbon of the ring or double bond (aryl/vinylic), because then there is no adjacent, differently-oriented $\pi$ system to delocalize into — the resulting aryl or vinyl cation is high-energy and not resonance stabilized, and in practice these C–X bonds barely ionize at all due to partial double-bond character.

Step-by-Step Solution

I. Chlorobenzene: Cl is bonded directly to an aromatic ring carbon. Loss of $Cl^-$ would need to break a bond with significant double-bond character (from ring conjugation with the halogen lone pair) and would give a phenyl cation in the plane of the ring, orthogonal to the ring's $\pi$ system — not stabilized by resonance. Excluded.

II. Benzyl chloride: Cl is on the $sp^3$ $CH_2$ carbon attached to the ring. Loss of $Cl^-$ gives the benzylic cation $C_6H_5-\overset{+}{C}H_2$ , whose empty p-orbital aligns with the ring $\pi$ system, delocalizing the charge onto the ortho/para ring carbons. Resonance stabilized. Included. …
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AP EAPCET 2026Set ap-2026-05-20-FN1 markMCQ
$S_N1$
(1) a methylcyclohexene ring reacting with HI to give A;
(2) a vinylcyclohexane ring reacting with HBr in the presence of $(C_6H_5CO)_2O_2$ peroxide to give B;
(3) cyclohexanol, a cyclohexane ring bearing an OH group, reacting with $SOCl_2$ to give C;
(4) a benzene ring bearing a diazonium salt group $N_2^+Cl^-$ reacting with KI to give D) (A) A>B>C>D (B) D>B>A>C (C) A>C>B>D (D) B>C>A>D
›Reveal solutionSolution
Identify each product's carbon type (3°, 1°, 2°, aryl respectively for A, B, C, D) and rank by $S_N1$ -relevant carbocation stability: A (3°) > C (2°) > B (1°) > D (aryl, unreactive).

Concept and Intuition

$S_N1$ reaction rate depends entirely on how stable the intermediate carbocation is, since the rate-determining step is ionisation of the C–X bond. More substituted carbons (tertiary > secondary > primary) stabilise positive charge better through hyperconjugation and inductive electron donation. Aryl (and vinyl) halides essentially never undergo $S_N1$ : the C–X bond has partial double-bond character from ring conjugation, and the resulting aryl cation would be extremely unstable (sp² cation in the ring plane, no adjacent orbital stabilisation) — so aryl halides always rank last regardless of the specific reagent used to make them.

Step-by-Step Solution

Product A: A methyl-substituted cyclohexene reacts with HI. Markovnikov addition places $I^-$ on the more substituted (tertiary) carbon of the double bond (bearing the methyl group) — giving a tertiary alkyl iodide.

Product B: Vinylcyclohexane + HBr in the presence of a peroxide follows the peroxide (anti-Markovnikov) effect — a free-radical mechanism places Br on the terminal, less-hindered carbon of the vinyl group — giving a primary alkyl bromide.

Product C: Cyclohexanol (a secondary alcohol) + $SOCl_2$ replaces –OH with –Cl (via the chlorosulfite intermediate, $S_Ni$ -type) — giving a secondary alkyl chloride, with no change in the carbon's substitution level. …
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AP EAPCET 2026Set ap-2026-05-20-AN1 markMCQ
$S_N1$
›Reveal solutionSolution
Order I correctly reflects the $S_N1$ trend driven by carbocation stability (1° < 2° < 3°), and order II correctly reflects the $S_N2$ trend driven by steric hindrance (unbranched primary > branched primary > secondary) — both are correct.

Concept and Intuition

$S_N1$ reactions proceed through a carbocation intermediate, so their rate is controlled almost entirely by how stable that carbocation is: tertiary carbocations (stabilised by three alkyl/hyperconjugative groups) form fastest, followed by secondary, then primary (least stable, slowest $S_N1$ ).

$S_N2$ reactions, in contrast, proceed through a single concerted backside-attack transition state, so their rate is controlled by steric accessibility of the carbon under attack: more crowding around (or even beta to) the reacting carbon slows the reaction down. Straight-chain primary halides react fastest, branched (e.g., isobutyl, which has a beta-branch) primary halides are slower due to steric hindrance from the nearby branch, and secondary halides are slower still because the reacting carbon itself bears an extra alkyl group.

Step-by-Step Solution

Order I ( $S_N1$ ): Isobutyl iodide is a primary halide (least stable carbocation if it ionised, so slowest $S_N1$ ); sec-butyl iodide is secondary (more stable carbocation, faster than primary); t-butyl bromide is tertiary (most stable carbocation, fastest $S_N1$ despite bromide being a slightly poorer leaving group than iodide, the carbocation-stability effect dominates). This gives isobutyl iodide < sec-butyl iodide < t-butyl bromide — matches the trend 1° < 2° < 3°, so order I is correct. …
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AP EAPCET 2025Set eng-2025-05-21-FN1 markMCQ
$\xrightarrow{\mathrm{HBr}} X$
›Reveal solutionSolution
Tests $S_N1$ reactivity trends based on carbocation stability and leaving-group ability; the answer is (C) y > x > z.

Concept and Intuition

$S_N1$ reactions proceed through a carbocation intermediate, so their rate is governed chiefly by:

Carbocation stability: 3° > 2° > 1° (more alkyl substitution stabilises the positive charge by hyperconjugation/induction).

Leaving group ability: for the same carbon skeleton type, a better leaving group (weaker conjugate base) ionises faster — Br⁻ is a better leaving group than Cl⁻ since HBr is a stronger acid than HCl, so C-Br bonds ionise more readily than C-Cl bonds.

First identify what X, Y, Z actually are:

X: Cyclohexene + HBr → Markovnikov addition of HBr across the double bond gives bromocyclohexane, a secondary alkyl bromide.

Y: 1-Methylcyclohex-1-ene + HCl → Markovnikov addition puts H on the carbon that gives the more stable (more substituted) carbocation; since C1 already bears the methyl group and two ring bonds, the carbocation forms at C1 (tertiary), so Cl ends up at C1 too, giving 1-chloro-1-methylcyclohexane, a tertiary alkyl chloride.

Z: Cyclohexanol + SOCl2 → gives chlorocyclohexane, a secondary alkyl chloride (via the chlorosulfite intermediate).

Step-by-Step Solution

Y is a tertiary halide → forms the most stable (tertiary) carbocation → fastest $S_N1$ reactant of the three. Y is highest. …
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AP EAPCET 2025Set ap-2025-05-20-FN1 markMCQ
$S_N1$
›Reveal solutionSolution
SN1 reactivity tracks carbocation stability, and stability here is set by how many phenyl rings (resonance donors) and alkyl groups (hyperconjugation) stabilize the intermediate cation: III > II > I > IV.

Concept and Intuition

The rate-determining step of an SN1 reaction is the formation of a carbocation. Any substituent that stabilizes this positive charge — through resonance (as aryl/phenyl groups do, by delocalizing the charge into the ring) or through hyperconjugation/induction (as alkyl groups do) — speeds up SN1. Aromatic (benzylic-type) stabilization is generally very strong, and stacking multiple phenyl groups (plus alkyl groups) compounds this stabilization.

Step-by-Step Solution

I, $C_6H_5CH_2Br$ : ionisation gives the benzyl cation, stabilized by resonance delocalization into one phenyl ring — moderately stabilized (primary carbon, one aryl group).

II, $(C_6H_5)_2CHBr$ : ionisation gives the benzhydryl (diphenylmethyl) cation, stabilized by resonance into two phenyl rings simultaneously — more stable than I.

III, $(C_6H_5)_2C(CH_3)Br$ : ionisation gives a tertiary cation stabilized by two phenyl rings and hyperconjugation/induction from the extra methyl group — the most stabilized cation of the four. …
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AP EAPCET 2025Set eng-2025-05-24-FN1 markMCQ
$S_N1$
›Reveal solutionSolution
This tests the link between carbocation stability and $S_N1$ reactivity; ethyl chloride, forming an unstabilised primary carbocation, is the least reactive.

Concept and Intuition

$S_N1$ reactions proceed through a carbocation intermediate in the rate-determining step, so anything that stabilises that carbocation speeds up the reaction. Stability order: tertiary > allylic/benzylic (resonance-stabilised) > secondary > primary. A primary carbocation, lacking both hyperconjugative stabilisation (from multiple alkyl groups) and resonance stabilisation, is highly unstable, so alkyl halides that would have to form one (like ethyl chloride) react very slowly, if at all, by the $S_N1$ pathway — they instead prefer $S_N2$ .

Step-by-Step Solution

Tertiary butyl chloride → forms a tertiary carbocation (most stable due to hyperconjugation/inductive donation from three methyl groups) → highly reactive in $S_N1$ .

Allyl chloride → forms an allylic carbocation stabilised by resonance with the adjacent double bond → quite reactive in $S_N1$ , despite being formally 'primary' in connectivity.

Isopropyl chloride → forms a secondary carbocation → moderately reactive in $S_N1$ . …
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AP EAPCET 2025Set eng-2025-05-26-FN1 markMCQ
$\mathrm{C_6H_5CH_2Cl}$
›Reveal solutionSolution
This tests reactivity toward nucleophilic substitution for benzylic, allylic, and differently-substituted aryl halides. The answer is (C): the meta-nitro chlorobenzene, since -NO $_2$ only activates the ring toward nucleophilic aromatic substitution from the ortho/para position, not meta.

Concept and Intuition

Nucleophilic substitution reactivity depends heavily on the type of C–X bond and any stabilizing/activating groups. Benzylic and allylic halides are highly reactive because the developing positive charge (SN1) or the transition state (SN2) is stabilized by resonance with the adjacent pi system. Plain aryl (vinyl-type) C–Cl bonds are normally very unreactive to nucleophilic substitution because of partial double-bond character (resonance donation from the ring) and the difficulty of forming an aryl cation or backside attack on an sp2 carbon. This inertness can be overcome ('activated') by a strong electron-withdrawing group like $-\mathrm{NO_2}$ , but ONLY if it is positioned ortho or para to the leaving group, because only then can its resonance structures place negative charge directly on the carbon bearing the leaving group (stabilizing the Meisenheimer-type intermediate in nucleophilic aromatic substitution).

Step-by-Step Solution

(A) Benzyl chloride: the $-\mathrm{CH_2Cl}$ carbon is benzylic; ionization gives a resonance-stabilized benzylic carbocation, making it highly reactive via SN1 (also reactive via SN2). Reactive.

(D) Allyl chloride: the C–Cl carbon is allylic; ionization gives a resonance-stabilized allylic carbocation, also highly reactive. Reactive.

(B) 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene: the $-\mathrm{NO_2}$ is para to Cl, so its resonance structures put negative charge directly on the ring carbon bearing Cl, strongly stabilizing the anionic intermediate of nucleophilic aromatic substitution — this activates the ring, making it noticeably more reactive than plain chlorobenzene. …
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AP EAPCET 2024Set eng-2024-05-20-AN1 markMCQ
$S_N1$
(ii) }H_2O_2/OH^-} $B.$ \mathrm{C_6H_5-CH_2-CH=CH-CH_3}\xrightarrow{HBr} $C.$ \mathrm{C_6H_5-C(CH_3)=CH_2}\xrightarrow{HBr} $D.$ \mathrm{C_6H_5-CH_2-CH=CH-CH_3}\xrightarrow{HBr,\ (C_6H_5CO)_2O_2}$ (A) C, D only (B) A, B, C only (C) B, C only (D) A, D only
›Reveal solutionSolution
This tests whether you can connect how an alkyl halide is made (Markovnikov vs anti-Markovnikov addition) to how it will react later (SN1 needs a stabilised — tertiary/benzylic/allylic — carbocation).

Concept and Intuition

SN1 hydrolysis proceeds through a carbocation intermediate, so it is fast only when that carbocation is well stabilised — tertiary, allylic, or benzylic (ring directly or nearly conjugated). A plain primary or an "ordinary" secondary halide, with no such stabilisation, hydrolyses by SN2 instead. So for each reaction you must first work out the structure of the halide product, then judge how stable its carbocation would be.

Step-by-Step Solution

A: $(BH_3)_2$ then $H_2O_2/OH^-$ is hydroboration–oxidation — strictly anti-Markovnikov, so the terminal alkene $C_6H_5-CH_2-CH=CH_2$ gives the terminal (primary) alcohol $C_6H_5CH_2CH_2CH_2OH$ . $SOCl_2$ then swaps $-OH$ for $-Cl$ with retention of position, giving a primary chloride three carbons from the ring. A primary carbocation is never favourable, so this halide hydrolyses by SN2 only — excluded.

C: plain $HBr$ (no peroxide) on $C_6H_5-C(CH_3)=CH_2$ (α-methylstyrene) adds Markovnikov-wise: $H^+$ goes to the terminal $=CH_2$ , generating the carbocation on the ring-attached carbon, $C_6H_5-\overset{+}{C}(CH_3)-CH_3$ . This cation is tertiary and directly benzylic (fully conjugated with the ring) — about as stable as a carbocation gets. $Br^-$ then attacks there, giving $C_6H_5C(CH_3)(Br)CH_3$ , a textbook SN1 substrate (structurally like tert-cumyl bromide). Definitely included.

B vs D both start from the same internal alkene $C_6H_5-CH_2-CH=CH-CH_3$ , so the only difference is where $Br$ ends up.

B (plain $HBr$ , ionic/Markovnikov): the reaction proceeds through whichever secondary carbocation is more stable, which is the one adjacent to the benzylic $CH_2$ (weak but real stabilisation from the nearby aromatic ring through hyperconjugation). $Br^-$ ends up there, giving a secondary bromide close to the ring — favourable enough for SN1 in this comparison. …
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AP EAPCET 2024Set eng-2024-05-21-AN1 markMCQ
$\mathrm{C_5H_{11}Br}$
›Reveal solutionSolution
First-order kinetics for the hydrolysis of a C5H11Br isomer identifies it as the tertiary bromide (S_N1 requires the more stable, more substituted carbocation). Grignard formation + D2O quench installs D exactly where the Br (and hence MgBr) was, with no skeletal rearrangement.

Concept and Intuition

The rate of $\mathrm{S_N1}$ solvolysis depends on carbocation stability: tertiary > secondary > primary. Only a tertiary alkyl halide among the $\mathrm{C_5H_{11}Br}$ isomers would show clean first-order (unimolecular, carbocation-mediated) hydrolysis kinetics at an appreciable rate under mild conditions — this pins down $X$ as the tertiary isomer, 2-bromo-2-methylbutane, $\mathrm{CH_3CH_2C(CH_3)_2Br}$ .

A Grignard reagent, $R\text{–}MgBr$ , is formed by inserting Mg directly into the C–Br bond — the carbon skeleton is completely untouched; only the halogen is replaced by the $-\mathrm{MgBr}$ group. Quenching a Grignard reagent with $\mathrm{D_2O}$ (heavy water) protonates (deuterates) the carbanion-like carbon, replacing $-\mathrm{MgBr}$ with $-\mathrm{D}$ — again with no skeletal rearrangement. This is a standard method for site-specific deuterium labeling.

Step-by-Step Solution

$\mathrm{C_5H_{11}Br}$ hydrolyzing by first-order kinetics ⟹ $\mathrm{S_N1}$ mechanism ⟹ the carbon bearing Br must be tertiary (to form the stabilized 3° carbocation). So $X = \mathrm{CH_3CH_2C(CH_3)_2Br}$ (2-bromo-2-methylbutane).

$X + \mathrm{Mg}$ (dry ether) → Grignard reagent $\mathrm{CH_3CH_2C(CH_3)_2MgBr}$ , formed at the same tertiary carbon (no rearrangement in Grignard formation).

Grignard reagent $+ \mathrm{D_2O}$ → the $-\mathrm{MgBr}$ is replaced by $-\mathrm{D}$ : $Y = \mathrm{CH_3CH_2C(CH_3)_2D}$ . …
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AP EAPCET 2023Set ap-2023-05-23-FN1 markMCQ
$S_N1$
›Reveal solutionSolution
Benzyl chloride's benzylic cation is resonance-stabilized, favouring $S_N1$ ; chlorobenzene resists substitution because resonance gives its C–Cl bond partial double-bond character — and this resonance argument is exactly why chlorobenzene doesn't react, making R the correct explanation of A.

Concept and Intuition

In benzyl chloride ( $C_6H_5-CH_2-Cl$ ), the C–Cl bond is on an $sp^3$ carbon attached to the aromatic ring, not directly on the ring itself. When this bond ionizes, it generates a benzylic carbocation, which is strongly stabilized by resonance delocalization of the positive charge into the aromatic ring — making $S_N1$ ionization very favourable.

In chlorobenzene ( $C_6H_5-Cl$ ), the chlorine is directly bonded to an $sp^2$ ring carbon. Chlorine's lone pair can delocalize into the ring's $\pi$ system through resonance, giving the C–Cl bond significant partial double-bond character. This makes the bond shorter and stronger than a typical C–Cl single bond, and also means the ring carbon bearing Cl is not electrophilic in the way needed for nucleophilic attack — so chlorobenzene resists both $S_N1$ (no easy ionization, since breaking a partial-double bond and losing aromatic stabilization is costly) and $S_N2$ (steric and electronic shielding from the ring).

Step-by-Step Solution

Assess the assertion: benzyl chloride is $S_N1$ -reactive (true, benzylic cation is resonance-stabilized), chlorobenzene is not (true, due to bond strengthening). Assertion is correct.

Assess the reason: chlorobenzene's C–Cl bond has partial double-bond character from resonance with the ring lone pair on Cl. Reason is correct (this is textbook resonance structure reasoning for haloarenes). …
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1. Understanding the rate dependence

2. Identifying compound A (SN1 substrate)

3. Identifying compound B (SN2 substrate)

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