'M/s J.K. Computers' is a small organisation engaged in assembling of computers. In this organisation, decisio

Question

Q.'M/s J.K. Computers' is a small organisation engaged in assembling of computers. In this organisation, decision making rests with top management while the middle level is involved in only the implementation of plans. On the other hand, 'Progressive Computers Ltd.' is a large company where a number of people from each level are involved in the decision-making process. The application of the principle of 'Centralisation and Decentralisaton' is different in the two organisations as the situation in each enterprise is not same. From the following identify the nature of principles of management : (A) Mainly Behavioural (B) Contingent (C) Flexible (D) Universal

CBSECBSE Class XII Board 2023MCQ· 1mImportance★★★★★

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Concept understanding — Principles Flexibility

Principles of Flexibility — A First Look

Think of a bamboo tree in a storm. It bends low, almost touching the ground, but does not break. When the storm passes, it springs back upright. A rigid oak, by contrast, might snap under the same force. That ability to bend without breaking, to adjust shape under pressure and return to form — that is flexibility in the physical world.

Now bring that same idea into the world of business and management. A company faces constant change: new competitors, shifting customer tastes, government policy updates, economic ups and downs. A rigid organisation — one that insists on doing everything exactly as it always has — will crack under such pressure. A flexible one adapts its methods, its rules, even its goals, while still holding firm to its core purpose.

The precise meaning

In management studies, Principles of Flexibility refers to the idea that managerial principles, procedures, and organisational structures must be adaptable to changing circumstances. No rule is absolute. What worked brilliantly for a company in 2010 may be obsolete in 2025. A flexible manager knows when to relax a standard operating procedure, when to modify a policy, and when to abandon an old practice entirely.

The NCERT textbook puts it clearly: management principles are not rigid prescriptions. They are flexible guidelines that can be modified according to the situation. This is what distinguishes a living, breathing organisation from a dead bureaucracy.

Important

Flexibility does not mean having no principles at all. It means applying principles intelligently, with judgement, rather than mechanically. A flexible manager still follows principles — but adapts them to fit the specific context, people, and time.

Why flexibility matters

Consider a simple example. A retail store has a rule: "All sales are final; no refunds." That principle works well in normal times. But suppose a customer buys an expensive gift, and the recipient already owns one. If the store rigidly refuses a refund, it loses that customer forever. A flexible approach — offering store credit or an exchange — keeps the customer happy and preserves long-term loyalty. The principle (no refunds) was not wrong; it just needed bending for a special case.

Flexibility matters for several reasons:

Business environment is dynamic. Laws change, technology advances, competitors innovate. A rigid organisation cannot survive.
Human behaviour is unpredictable. Employees and customers do not always fit neat categories. Flexible rules allow for individual differences.
No two situations are identical. A principle that worked in one factory may need adjustment in another, even within the same company.
Innovation requires room to experiment. If every deviation from procedure is punished, no one will try new ideas.

A note from the NCERT perspective …

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The application of the principle of centralisation and decentralisation differs in the two firms because 'the situation in each enterprise is not same' — this dependence of application on the prevailing situation is the contingent nature of the principles of management (Option B).

The question describes two computer firms applying the SAME principle — Centralisation and Decentralisation — in completely different ways. M/s J.K. Computers, a small assembler, concentrates decision-making at the top. Progressive Computers Ltd., a large firm, involves people from every level in decisions. The case then gives the crucial reason: the application differs 'as the situation in each enterprise is not same.'

Why the answer is 'Contingent'

Among the features that describe the nature of the principles of management, two sound similar and must be told apart carefully:

Contingent: The application of a principle of management is contingent upon (dependent on) the prevailing situation at a particular point of time. The principle itself holds, but how it is applied has to be decided according to the circumstances of each situation. NCERT's own illustration of this is exactly the centralisation–decentralisation decision: how much authority a manager should retain or pass down depends on the situation of the enterprise.
Flexible: Principles are not rigid; a manager can modify or bend them when required. Flexibility stresses that the principles are adaptable rather than absolute.

The decisive clue in this case is the sentence 'the situation in each enterprise is not same.' The application changes because the situations are different — that is the textbook description of the contingent nature, not merely of flexibility. Flexibility tells us a principle can be changed; the contingent nature tells us the change is driven by the situation, which is precisely what the case highlights. …

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Same / Similar Concept — real previous-year questions on the same or a closely similar concept, not this exact question.

Showing the 12 most recent of 29 on this concept.

CBSE 2026Set 66/1/11 markMCQ
$Q. Match the principle of management given in Column - I with its explanation given in Column - II : Column - I$
(a) Discipline
(b) Unity of direction
(c) Order
(d) Unity of command Column – II
(i) There should be one and only one boss for every individual employee in the organisation.
(ii) There should be a place for everything (everyone) and everything (everyone) should be in its (his/her) place.
(iii) There should be obedience to organisational rules and employment agreement which is necessary for the working of the organisation.
(iv) Each group of activities having the same objective must have one head and one plan. Choose the correct option from the following :
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d) (A)
(iii)
(iv)
(i)
(ii) (B)
(iv)
(iii)
(ii)
(i) (C)
(iv)
(iii)
(i)
(ii) (D)
(iii)
(iv)
(ii) (i)
›Reveal solutionSolution
This question tests understanding of Henri Fayol's principles of management: Discipline, Unity of Direction, Order, and Unity of Command, by matching them with their correct explanations.

Henri Fayol, a French mining engineer, is widely regarded as one of the pioneers of modern management theory. His fourteen principles of management, developed from his own extensive administrative experience, provide a foundational framework for effective organizational structure and operation. These principles are not rigid rules but rather flexible guidelines that managers can adapt to various situations to enhance efficiency and achieve organizational objectives. Understanding these principles is crucial for anyone studying management, as they offer timeless insights into how organizations can be run effectively.

Let us delve into the specific principles mentioned in the question and their underlying explanations:

Discipline: This principle emphasizes the necessity of obedience to organizational rules and employment agreements. It is fundamental for the smooth functioning of any organization. Discipline requires good superiors at all levels, clear and fair agreements, and judicious application of penalties. Without discipline, chaos can ensue, and the organization's ability to achieve its goals is severely hampered. It fosters respect for authority and adherence to established norms, creating a productive work environment.

Unity of Direction: This principle states that there should be one head and one plan for a group of activities having the same objective. It ensures coordination and focus within the organization. For instance, all marketing activities aimed at increasing sales should fall under one marketing manager with a single, unified plan. This prevents duplication of effort, conflicting strategies, and ensures that all efforts are directed towards a common goal, leading to greater efficiency and effectiveness.

Order: Fayol's principle of Order refers to both material and social order. It dictates that there should be a designated place for everything and everyone, and everything and everyone should be in their designated place. This means having proper arrangements for physical resources (tools, materials) and human resources (employees). A well-ordered workplace minimizes wasted time and effort in searching for things or people, contributing to efficiency and a sense of stability. It ensures that resources are readily available when needed and that employees know their roles and positions within the organization.

Unity of Command: This principle is straightforward yet critical: an employee should receive orders from one and only one superior. If an employee reports to multiple bosses, they may receive conflicting instructions, leading to confusion, frustration, and a lack of accountability. Unity of Command ensures clarity in reporting relationships, prevents overlapping authority, and maintains a clear chain of command, which is essential for effective decision-making and smooth operations.

Important

Fayol's principles, while developed over a century ago, remain highly relevant in modern management. They provide a robust framework for understanding organizational structure and behavior, emphasizing the importance of clarity, discipline, and coordinated effort.

Now, let's match the principles from Column – I with their explanations in Column – II: …
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CBSE 2026Set MARCH1 markMCQ
$Q. Principles of Management are not ____________.$
(a) Absolute
(b) Flexible
(c) Universal
(d) Behavioural
›Reveal solutionSolution

The correct option is (a) Absolute. Principles of management are relative, not absolute — they must be applied flexibly according to the situation.

…

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CBSE 2026Set ANNUAL1 markMCQ
$Q. Which Management thinker gave the 14 Principles of Management?$
(a) Maslow
(b) Henry Fayol
(c) McGreger
(d) Elton Mayo
›Reveal solutionSolution

Henri Fayol gave the 14 principles of management.

Henri Fayol, a French mining engineer and administrator, is called the Father of Modern/General Management. He identified 14 principles of management — such as Division of Work, Authority and Responsibility, Discipline, Unity of Command, Unity of Direction, Subordination of individual interest to general interest, Remuneration, Centralisation and Decentralisation, Scal …

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CBSE 2026Set ANNUAL1 markMCQ
$Q. Write True or False: Principles of management are "general guidelines".$
(a) True
(b) False
›Reveal solutionSolution

True; management principles are general guidelines.

The principles of management are broad, flexible statements that guide managerial thinking and action, rather than rigid, ready-made solutions. A manager applies and modifies them according to the situation. Because they only …

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CBSE 2026Set ANNUAL1 mark
$Q. Write answer in one word/sentence: Where are the principles of management applicable?$
›Reveal solutionSolution

Management principles are universally applicable.

A key feature of the principles of management is universal applicability: they apply to every kind of organisation — large or small, business or non-business — and at all levels (top, middle, lower). They are general guidelines suited to all managerial situations …

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CBSE 2025Set 66/1/11 markMCQ
$Q.'The principles of management can be modified by the managers when the situation so demands.' This highlights which of the following feature of principles of management : (A) General guidelines (B) Flexible (C) Contingent (D) Mainly behavioural$
›Reveal solutionSolution
The ability to modify management principles according to situational demands highlights their flexible nature.

Management principles are fundamental truths or guidelines that serve as a basis for managerial action and decision-making. Unlike the rigid laws of pure science, which are universally applicable without modification, management principles are developed through observation and experimentation in human organisations. This inherent difference means they must adapt to the dynamic and complex environment in which businesses operate.

The statement, "The principles of management can be modified by the managers when the situation so demands," directly points to the flexible characteristic of these principles. Flexibility means that the principles are not absolute or static; they can be adjusted, adapted, or even combined differently to suit the specific requirements of a particular organisation, department, or even a unique problem.

Consider why this flexibility is crucial:

Dynamic Environment: The business world is constantly changing due to technological advancements, market shifts, economic conditions, and social trends. Rigid principles would quickly become obsolete.

Human Element: Management deals with human beings, whose behaviour is complex and unpredictable. What works for one group of employees or in one cultural context might not work in another.

Varying Organisational Contexts: Organisations differ vastly in size, structure, objectives, and culture. A principle like 'Division of Work' might be applied very strictly in a large manufacturing firm but much more loosely in a small, agile startup where employees wear multiple hats.

Experimentation and Innovation: Flexibility allows managers to experiment with new approaches and innovate, rather than being bound by a fixed set of rules.

Note

While management principles provide a framework, they are not prescriptive formulas. Managers must use their judgment and creativity to apply them effectively, often modifying them to fit the unique circumstances.

Let's briefly look at why the other options, while characteristics of management principles, are not the primary feature highlighted by the ability to modify them:

(A) General guidelines: This is true; principles are guidelines, not strict rules. However, the statement focuses on the ability to change these guidelines, which is flexibility, rather than just their guiding nature. …
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CBSE 2025Set ANNUAL1 markMCQ
$Q. Principle of management is (A) Dynamic (B) Flexible (C) Universal (D) All of these$
›Reveal solutionSolution

Principles of management are dynamic, flexible and universal — all of these.

Management principles have several features. They are universal, applying to organisations of every kind and size; they are flexible, to be modified and applied according to the situation rather than used rigidly; and they are dynamic, evolving over time with changing conditions. Since the principle of manag …

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CBSE 2025Set ANNUAL1 markMCQ
$Q. The propounder of administrative management was (A) Fayol (B) Taylor (C) Terry (D) None of them$
›Reveal solutionSolution

Henri Fayol propounded administrative (general) management, giving the 14 principles of management and defining the universal functions of a manager; Taylor, by contrast, is associated with scientific management.

…

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CBSE 2025Set ANNUAL1 markMCQ
$Q. "The Principles of Management are applicable to all kinds of organisations." Identify the nature of Principles of Management mentioned above.$
(a) General guidelines
(b) Flexibility
(c) Contingent
(d) Universal applicability
›Reveal solutionSolution
A principle applicable to all kinds of organisations illustrates the "Universal applicability" nature of management principles.

Principles of management have several distinguishing features (natures), including:

General guidelines — not rigid prescriptions, but a guide to action in given situations.

Formed by practice and experimentation — developed over years of observation and experience.

Flexible — can be modified to suit changing situations.

Mainly behavioural — aim at influencing human behaviour.

Cause and effect relationships — intend to establish a relationship between cause and effect.

Contingent — their application depends on the prevailing situation. …
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CBSE 2024Set ANNUAL1 markMCQ
$Q. Principles of management are (A) Dynamic (B) Flexible (C) Universal (D) All of these$
›Reveal solutionSolution

Management principles are universal, flexible and dynamic, so the answer is (D) All of these.

Key features of management principles include: universal application (they apply to all kinds and sizes of organisations), flexibility (they are guidelines to be used according to the situation, not rigid formulas), and dynamic nature (they develop and change over time as management research advances). Since the question lists these as separate options, the inclusive choice is correct …

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CBSE 2024Set ANNUAL1 markMCQ
$Q. Henry Fayol's principles of management are - A) Three B) Eleven C) Fourteen D) Eight$
›Reveal solutionSolution

The answer is C) Fourteen. Henri Fayol gave fourteen principles of general management.

Henri Fayol, a French industrialist and the 'Father of General Management', derived fourteen principles of management from his managerial experience. They include division of work, authority and responsibility, discipline, unity of command, unity of direction, subordination of individual interest to general interest, remuneration, centralisation and decentralisation, scalar chain, order, equity, stability of personnel, initiative a …

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CBSE 2024Set ANNUAL1 mark
$Q. Fill in the blank: Principles are ______ to action.$
›Reveal solutionSolution

The blank is filled by guidelines (guide): 'Principles are guidelines to action.'

A principle of management is a general, broad statement that guides managerial thinking and decision-making. By their nature, principles are guidelines to action — they suggest a cause-and-effect relationship and the general course a manager should follow, but they are flexible and must be adapted to t …

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