Q.Explain the steps in the process of rDNA technology with suitable diagrams.

Recombinant DNA technology follows a defined sequence: isolate, cut, ligate, insert, select, express.

Recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology genetically engineers an organism to carry and express a foreign gene. The main steps are: (1) Isolation of the gene of interest from the donor organism's genome (often using restriction enzymes or PCR); (2) Cutting both this gene and a suitable vector (a plasmid or bacteriophage) with the same restriction endonuclease, producing matching sticky ends; (3) Ligation of the gene fragment into the cut vector using DNA ligase, forming the recombinant DNA molecule; (4) Transformation, i.e. introducing this recombinant vector into a suitable host cell (e.g. E. coli), often after making the host cell membrane permeable; (5) Selection of the successfully transformed host cells using selectable marker genes (e.g. antibiotic resist …

rDNA technology = isolate gene -> insert into vector -> transform host -> select -> express/harvest.

Recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology follows a common sequence of basic steps regardless of the organism or gene involved: (1) Isolation of the gene of interest, usually by cutting DNA with specific restriction endonucleases that recognise particular base sequences; (2) Insertion of this gene fragment into a cloning vector (commonly a bacterial plasmid), using the enzyme DNA ligase to seal the fragment into the vector, forming a recombinant DNA molecule; (3) Transfer (transformation) of the recombinant DNA into a suitable host cell (often a bacterium such as E. coli); (4) Selection of only those host cells that have successfully taken up the recombinant DNA, typically using marker genes (e.g. antibiotic resist …