Explain the principle of operation of a photodiode.

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Accepted Answer

A photodiode is a p-n junction diode operated in REVERSE bias. In the dark (unilluminated), it carries a small, essentially voltage-independent reverse ('dark') current, determined entirely by the concentration of MINORITY carriers on either side of the junction (electrons in the p-region, holes in the n-region). When light falls on the exposed junction, photons with energy greater than the semiconductor's band gap generate additional electron-hole pairs within the depletion region; the junction's own built-in electric field immediately separates these pairs -- sweeping electrons towards the anode side and holes towards the cathode side -- adding them to the current flowing through the external circuit. The TOTAL current through an illuminated, reverse-biased photodiode is therefore the sum of this light-generated (photo) current and the ever-present dark current. Because the number of photo-generated pairs scales directly with how many photons arrive per second, the additional reverse current is (over a useful range) directly proportional to the INTENSITY of the incident light -- this proportionality is exactly what makes a photodiode a useful light-intensity sensor, since measuring its current directly indicates the light level falling on it. At sufficiently high illumination, this current eventually levels off at a SATURATION value. Reverse bias is specifically chosen for this operation bec …

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Same / Similar Concept — real previous-year questions on the same or a closely similar concept, not this exact question.

CBSE 2021Set OC1 mark
$Q. What is dark current?$
›Reveal solutionSolution

Dark current is the residual reverse current of a photodiode that exists purely due to thermal generation of carriers, independent of illumination.

A photodiode is a p-n junction diode operated in reverse bias, in which incident light (photons) generates electron-hole pairs that add to the reverse saturation current, so the reverse current increases with light intensity.

…

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CBSE 2019Set 55/2/11 mark
$Q. Identify the semiconductor diode whose V-I characteristics are as shown.$
›Reveal solutionSolution
The V-I curve shows current increasing with reverse bias (third quadrant operation), characteristic of a photodiode operating in photoconductive mode where light generates carriers that flow under reverse bias.

Figure — CBSE 2019 55/2/1 Q4

A standard p-n junction diode conducts heavily in forward bias (first quadrant) and blocks current in reverse bias except for a tiny leakage. The curve shown behaves differently: it operates primarily in the third quadrant (negative voltage, negative current), meaning current flows and increases as reverse bias increases. This is the signature of a light-detecting diode.

When light falls on a reverse-biased p-n junction, photons with energy greater than the band gap create electron-hole pairs in the depletion region. The built-in electric field sweeps these carriers across the junction, producing a photocurrent proportional to light intensity. The more reverse bias you apply, the wider the depletion region and the more efficiently carriers are collected—hence current magnitude grows with reverse voltage.

Why this identifies a photodiode

Third-quadrant operation: The curve sits in the region where both voltage and current are negative (reverse bias with current flow). A normal diode would show negligible current here; a photodiode is designed to operate here.

Current increases with reverse bias: As $|V_R|$ increases, $|I|$ increases. This happens because:

Wider depletion width → more photogenerated carriers collected

Stronger electric field → faster carrier sweep-out

The photocurrent $I_{ph} \propto$ (light intensity) × (collection efficiency)

No significant forward conduction shown: The first quadrant (forward bias) is either absent or minimal in the sketch, confirming the device is used in reverse mode—the standard operating regime for photodetection. …
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CBSE 2019Set ANNUAL1 markMCQ
$Q. Photodiode functions in$
(a) Forward biased condition
(b) Reverse biased condition
(c) Both forward and reversed biased conditions
(d) None of these
›Reveal solutionSolution
A photodiode is deliberately reverse biased because in this mode the diode's own dark current is tiny and stable, so the extra current generated by absorbed photons (electron-hole pairs) stands out clearly and varies almost linearly with light intensity.

A photodiode is a p-n junction diode designed to be sensitive to light, used to detect optical signals and convert them into an electrical current. It is operated in reverse bias:

In reverse bias, the junction's depletion region widens and normally only a very small reverse saturation current flows (due to thermally generated minority carriers).

When light (photons with energy greater than the bandgap) falls on the junction, it generates additional electron-hole pairs. These carriers are swept across the junction by the reverse-bias electric field, adding to the reverse current. …
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CBSE 2019Set ANNUAL1 mark
$Q. Name the optoelectronic device used to detect optical signals.$
›Reveal solutionSolution

A photodiode is a p-n junction, operated in reverse bias, whose reverse current changes with the intensity of light falling on it — this makes it an optical signal detector.

A photodiode is fabricated with a transparent window so light can fall on or near the junction. It is operated under reverse bias. Normally the reverse saturation current is very small, but when photons of energy greater than the band gap strike the junction, they generate electron-hole pairs, which …

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CBSE 2016Set ANNUAL1 markMCQ
$Q. For determining the light intensity we use$
(a) a photodiode in reverse bias
(b) a photodiode in forward bias
(c) LED in reverse bias
(d) LED in forward bias
›Reveal solutionSolution

A reverse-biased photodiode's current responds linearly and quickly to incident light intensity, making it ideal for measuring light intensity.

A photodiode is a p-n junction diode designed to be operated in reverse bias and exposed to light through a transparent window. Photons incident on (and near) the junction generate electron-hole pairs; these are swept across the junction by the reverse-bias electric field, adding to the (otherwise very small) reverse saturation current. The magnitude of this reverse photocurrent increases almost linearly with the intensity of incident light, and the device responds quickly (fast rise/fall time), making a reverse-biased photodiode well suited as a sensitive, fast light-intensity (illumination) sensor/detector.

Why the other options are wrong: …

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Q.Explain the principle of operation of a photodiode.

Concept understanding — Photodiode

Why this identifies a photodiode

Q.Explain the principle of operation of a photodiode.

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