Q.Mention any three applications of Bio-technology.

Biotechnology's major applications include genetically improved crops in agriculture, recombinant drugs/vaccines/gene therapy in medicine, and enzyme/fermentation products plus bioremediation in industry.

Modern biotechnology, especially recombinant DNA technology, has been applied across several major fields:

1. Agriculture: Genetic engineering is used to develop transgenic (GM) crop varieties with improved traits -- for instance, Bt cotton, which carries a gene from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis that produces a protein toxic to specific insect pests, giving the crop built-in pest resistance and reducing the need for chemical pesticides; and Golden Rice, engineered to biosynthesise beta-carotene (a vitamin-A precursor) in the grain to help combat vitamin-A deficiency in populations dependent on rice as a staple.

2. Medicine: Recombinant DNA technology allows bacteria (such as genetically engineered E. coli) to be used as living factories to mass-produce human therapeutic proteins, most famously recombinant human insulin, providing a safe, unlimited supply for diabetics without relying on animal-extracted insulin. Biotechnology is also used to manufacture vaccines (including recombinant subunit vaccines) and underlies gene therapy, in which a functional copy of a gene is introduced into a patient's cells to correct an inherited genetic disorder.

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