Q.Classify each of the following matrices as a row matrix, column matrix, square matrix, diagonal matrix, scalar matrix, identity matrix or zero matrix: $P=\begin{bmatrix}5\end{bmatrix}$, $Q=\begin{bmatrix}1 & 2 & 3\end{bmatrix}$, $R=\begin{bmatrix}4\\5\\6\end{bmatrix}$, $S=\begin{bmatrix}0&0\\0&0\end{bmatrix}$, $T=\begin{bmatrix}2&0\\0&2\end{bmatrix}$, $U=\begin{bmatrix}1&0&0\\0&1&0\\0&0&1\end{bmatrix}$, $V=\begin{bmatrix}3&0\\0&-5\end{bmatrix}$.

The matrix has all off-diagonal entries zero (so it IS diagonal, upper-triangular, and lower-triangular), but its diagonal entries $1,0,5$ are unequal, so it is NOT a scalar matrix.

Given matrix: $\begin{bmatrix}1&0&0\\0&0&0\\0&0&5\end{bmatrix}$.

• Upper triangular: all entries below the main diagonal are 0. True here.

• Lower triangular: all entries above the main diagonal are 0. True here.

• Diagonal matrix: all off-diagonal entries are 0 (both triangular). True here.

• Scalar matrix: a diagonal matrix where every diagonal entry is the SAME constant $k$. Here the diagonal is $1,0,5$ — not equal, so this is false.

A diagonal matrix is a square matrix with all off-diagonal entries zero.

State the definition of an identity matrix.

A square matrix $A=[a_{ij}]_{n\times n}$ is called an identity matrix if

$a_{ij}=\begin{cases}1, & i=j\\ 0, & i e j\end{cases}$

i.e. all diagonal entries are $1$ and all non-diagonal entries are $0$. It is denoted $I_n$ (or simply $I$). For example,

$I_3=\begin{bmatrix}1&0&0\\0&1&0\\0&0&1\end{bmatrix}$

A matrix is singular exactly when $\det A = 0$. For $A = \begin{bmatrix} 2 & 3 \\ a & 6 \end{bmatrix}$ this forces $12 - 3a = 0$, i.e. $a = 4$.

For a $2\times 2$ matrix $\begin{bmatrix} p & q \\ r & s \end{bmatrix}$ the determinant is $ps - qr$.

Here

$\det A = (2)(6) - (3)(a) = 12 - 3a.$

The matrix is singular, which means its determinant vanishes:

$12 - 3a = 0.$

Solving, $3a = 12$, so $a = 4$.

The matrix has zero everywhere off the main diagonal, making it diagonal (and so also upper- and lower-triangular), but its diagonal entries $1,0,5$ are unequal, so it is NOT a scalar matrix.

The matrix is $\begin{bmatrix}1&0&0\\0&0&0\\0&0&5\end{bmatrix}$.

A matrix is a diagonal matrix if every off-diagonal entry is 0 — true here, since all entries except the $(1,1)$, $(2,2)$, $(3,3)$ positions are already 0. This makes (d) true.

A diagonal matrix is automatically both upper triangular (nothing below the diagonal) and lower triangular (nothing above the diagonal), making (a) and (b) both true.

A scalar matrix additionally requires all diagonal entries to be equal to the same constant $k$. Here the diagonal entries are $1, 0, 5$ — not all equal — so it is NOT a scalar matrix, making (c) the false (i.e. "not true") statement.

definition recall

The identity matrix $I_n$ of order $n$ is the square matrix in which every diagonal element is $1$ and every off-diagonal element is $0$, i.e. $I=[a_{ij}]$ where $a_{ij}=1$ if $i=j$ and $a_{ij}=0$ if $i\ne j$. It satisfies $AI=IA=A$ for any compatible matrix $A$.