Cost Accounting · Class 12 Commerce
Ch 2Material — Class 12 Cost Accounting, concept-first.
Material is the most tangible and, in most manufacturing concerns, the single largest element of cost. It refers to the physical substances — raw materials, components, consumable stores, spare parts, packing materials and the like — that a business buys, holds, and consumes in the course of making its products or rend…
Key concepts
Hover a concept to preview it and jump to its most relevant Q&A.
Concept and Classification of Material
Material is any commodity — raw material, component, consumable store, spare part or packing material — bought and held for use in production, and is usually the largest single element of cost.
Most relevant Q&A
- What is meant by 'material'? Distinguish between Direct Material and Indirect Material with examples.Free
- Primary packing material is (a) direct material (b) direct expenses (c) indirect material (d) indirect expensesPreview
- Materials which from the part of the finished product is known as : (a) Indirect material (b) Direct material (c) New material (d) consumabl…Preview
Chapter contents
The NCERT structure, section by section. Open a section to see its questions, then read the concept-first solution.
Concept and Classification of Material
Material is the most tangible and, in most manufacturing concerns, the single largest element of cost.
Purchase of Material
Purchasing is the starting point of the whole materials cycle. A wrong purchase — of the wrong quality, in the wrong quantity, at the wrong time, or at too high a price — carries its mistake right thr…
Storing of Material
Once material has been purchased and received, it must be properly stored, recorded and safeguarded until it is issued to production.
Pricing of Material Issues (FIFO and Weighted Average)
When materials are bought at different times, they are often bought at different rates. Once these differently-priced lots are mixed in store, the question arises: when material is issued to productio…
Control of Material
Materials control is the systematic regulation of the purchase, storage and use of material, so that a steady, uninterrupted supply is available for production at the lowest possible cost — without ei…
Material Loss
Not all material bought ends up in the finished product. Some is unavoidably lost or diminished during handling, storage and processing.
Questions for Practice
These questions test your understanding of the material chapter — the concept and classification of material; purchasing (importance, the Six R's, centralised vs decentralised buying, the functions an…
Sample & Board Papers
Sample papers and previous-year board questions for this subject.
+−Show 64 questionsHide questions64 questions
- Q1Answer in one sentence: What is bill of materials?Preview
- Q2Fill in the blank: FIFO method is suitable when prices are ______.Preview
- Q3Answer in one word/term: Processed raw materials without any recovery value.Preview
- Q4Purchasing process should be initiated when material level reaches at (a) Minimum level (b) Maximum level (c) Danger level (d) Re-order leve…Preview
- Q5Bin card records (a) only price (b) only quantity (c) both price and quantity (d) valuePreview
- Q6The department by which issue of materials is generally valued, is (a) Costing department (b) Accounts department (c) Stores department (d)…Preview
- Q7Benefits of localized purchasing can be availed under (a) Centralised purchasing (b) Decentralised purchasing (c) On-line purchasing (d) Pur…Preview
- Q8What is Economic Order Quantity?Preview
- Q9What is Bin card?Preview
- Q10What is purchase requisition?Preview
- Q11Explain stock turnover ratio.Preview
- Q12State any two differences between Bin card and Stores ledger.Preview
- Q13A manufacturer buys certain materials from a supplier @ Rs 40 per unit. He needs 100 units per month. Annual return on investment is 10%. Re…Preview
- Q14What is weighted average method of material issue? Discuss its advantages and disadvantages.Preview
- Q15Primary packing material is (a) direct material (b) direct expenses (c) indirect material (d) indirect expensesPreview
- Q16Purchase requisition is prepared in (a) duplicate (b) triplicate (c) quadruplicate (d) quintuplicatePreview
- Q17LIFO method is suitable when prices are (a) stable (b) fluctuating (c) rising (d) fallingPreview
- Q18One of the following expenses which is not included in cost is (a) Direct labour (b) Factory overheads (c) Abnormal wastage of materials (d)…Preview
- Q19Stores ledger is maintained by (a) Storekeeper (b) Purchase department (c) Inspection department (d) Costing departmentPreview
- Q20Correct the underlined portion of the following sentence: After receipt of purchase order by the supplier, he sends the goods which are rece…Preview
- Q21Answer in one sentence: What is spoilage?Preview
- Q22Express in one word/term: Document which authorises the storekeeper to issue materials.Preview
- Q23How are stocks valued under cost accounting?Preview
- Q24What is goods received note?Preview
- Q25Explain ABC analysis system of inventory control.Preview
- Q26Two materials x and y are used as follows: - Minimum usage - 50 units per week. - Maximum usage - 150 units per week. - Normal usage - 100 u…Preview
- Q27Define purchasing. Explain the different principles of purchasing.Preview
- Q28Purchase order is prepared by : (a) Costing department (b) Store keeper (c) Purchase department (d) Production departmentPreview
- Q29A printed form used by storekeeper to make a formal request to purchase department to purchase material, is known as : (a) Purchase order (b…Preview
- Q30Goods received note is prepared by : (a) Store keeper (b) Costing department (c) Goods receiving department (d) Purchase departmentPreview
- Q31Materials which from the part of the finished product is known as : (a) Indirect material (b) Direct material (c) New material (d) consumabl…Preview
- Q32Material control is associated with its purchase, storage and : (a) receipt (b) issues (c) inspection (d) accountingPreview
- Q33Most of wastage of material can be prevented if proper steps can be taken in connection with : (a) Accounting (b) inspection (c) issuing (d)…Preview
- Q34Bin card is usually prepared in : (a) 2 copies (b) 3 copies (c) 4 copies (d) 5 copiesPreview
- Q35Purchase order is prepared in : (a) 5 copies (b) 4 copies (c) 3 copies (d) 2 copiesPreview
- Q36State any two advantages of bincard.Preview
- Q37What is Bill of material ?Preview
- Q38What is meant by spoilage ?Preview
- Q39State the features of stores ledger.Preview
- Q40Explain the 6 Rs. principles of scientific purchasing.Preview
- Q41From the following particulars prepare Stores Ledger Account under F.I.F.O. method. | Date | Particulars | | --- | --- | | 1.1.2017 | Openin…Preview
- Q42The original copy of purchase order is sent to : (a) Account department (b) Purchase department (c) The supplier (d) Receiving departmentPreview
- Q43(Maximum consumption x Maximum reorder period) determines : (a) Minimum stock level (b) Maximum stock level (c) Reorder level (d) Average st…Preview
- Q44Discarded substances having some value are called : (a) Waste (b) Scarp (c) Defective (d) SpoilagePreview
- Q45Express each of the following in one word / term : (i) A document which gives a complete list of all materials required for a job, order or…Preview
- Q46Express each of the following in one word / term : (ii) An analysis which is used primarily for control of spare parts.Preview
- Q47Answer the following questions in one sentence each : (vi) What is centralised purchasing?Preview
- Q48Rectify the underlined portions of the following sentences : (vii) Time lag between indenting and receiving of the material is called _idle_…Preview
- Q49Fill in the blanks : (x) E.O.Q is ______ Ordering Quantity.Preview
- Q50What is a purchase requisition?Preview
- Q51What is ABC analysis system of inventory control?Preview
- Q52State any two points of distinction between bin card and store ledger.Preview
- Q53From the following particulars prepare Stores Ledger Account : January 1 : Opening balance : 500 units @ Rs.4 per unit January 4 : issued 20…Preview
- Q54(e) Bin card is maintained by : (a) Purchase Department (b) Production Department (c) Store-keeper (d) Production OfficerPreview
- Q55(f) FIFO method of pricing material issue is suitable in times of : (a) Rising prices (b) Falling prices (c) Steady prices (d) Fluctuating p…Preview
- Q56(g) Scrap has : (a) Small value without further processing (b) Big value without further processing (c) No realisable value (d) No visible v…Preview
- Q57Express each of the following in one word / term : (i) The person who maintains stores ledger.Preview
- Q58Fill up the blanks : (xi) Reordering level = Maximum consumption × ________ .Preview
- Q59(c) What is purchase order ?Preview
- Q60(d) What is two-bin system of store keeping ?Preview
- Q61(e) What is centralised purchasing ?Preview
- Q62(h) What is Perpetual Inventory System ?Preview
- Q63(c) What is material transfer note ?Preview
- Q64Discuss the purchasing procedure.Preview
More questions
+−Show 14 questionsHide questions14 questions
- Q1What is meant by 'material'? Distinguish between Direct Material and Indirect Material with examples.Free
- Q2Explain the importance of purchasing and state the 'Six R's' of good purchasing.Free
- Q3Distinguish between Centralised Purchasing and Decentralised Purchasing, stating one advantage of each.Free
- Q4State the main functions of the Purchase Department and outline the procedure of purchasing material.Preview
- Q5What is a Bin Card? How does it differ from a Stores Ledger?Preview
- Q6What is the Perpetual Inventory System? How does it differ from physical (periodical) stock taking?Preview
- Q7From the following transactions, prepare a Stores Ledger Account under the FIFO method: Jan 1 Opening balance 200 units @ ₹10 per unit Jan 5…Preview
- Q8From the following transactions, prepare a Stores Ledger Account under the Weighted Average method: Mar 1 Opening balance 100 units @ ₹20 pe…Preview
- Q9Calculate the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) from the following data, and verify your answer: Annual usage: 2,400 units Ordering cost per ord…Preview
- Q10From the following data, calculate (a) Re-order Level, (b) Minimum Level, (c) Maximum Level, (d) Average Stock Level and (e) Danger Level: M…Preview
- Q11What is ABC Analysis of inventory? State how the three categories are controlled.Preview
- Q12What is VED Analysis? How does it differ from ABC Analysis?Preview
- Q13From the following information, calculate the Material (Stock) Turnover Ratio and the average number of days the material is held in stock:…Preview
- Q14What is material loss? Explain its types — waste, scrap, spoilage and defectives.Preview