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Cost Accounting · Class 12 Commerce

Ch 2Material — Class 12 Cost Accounting, concept-first.

Material is the most tangible and, in most manufacturing concerns, the single largest element of cost. It refers to the physical substances — raw materials, components, consumable stores, spare parts, packing materials and the like — that a business buys, holds, and consumes in the course of making its products or rend…

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Key concepts

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Chapter contents

The NCERT structure, section by section. Open a section to see its questions, then read the concept-first solution.

1

Concept and Classification of Material

Material is the most tangible and, in most manufacturing concerns, the single largest element of cost.

2

Purchase of Material

Purchasing is the starting point of the whole materials cycle. A wrong purchase — of the wrong quality, in the wrong quantity, at the wrong time, or at too high a price — carries its mistake right thr…

3

Storing of Material

Once material has been purchased and received, it must be properly stored, recorded and safeguarded until it is issued to production.

4

Pricing of Material Issues (FIFO and Weighted Average)

When materials are bought at different times, they are often bought at different rates. Once these differently-priced lots are mixed in store, the question arises: when material is issued to productio…

5

Control of Material

Materials control is the systematic regulation of the purchase, storage and use of material, so that a steady, uninterrupted supply is available for production at the lowest possible cost — without ei…

6

Material Loss

Not all material bought ends up in the finished product. Some is unavoidably lost or diminished during handling, storage and processing.

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Questions for Practice

These questions test your understanding of the material chapter — the concept and classification of material; purchasing (importance, the Six R's, centralised vs decentralised buying, the functions an…

Sample & Board Papers

Sample papers and previous-year board questions for this subject.

+Show 64 questions64 questions
  1. Q1Answer in one sentence: What is bill of materials?Preview
  2. Q2Fill in the blank: FIFO method is suitable when prices are ______.Preview
  3. Q3Answer in one word/term: Processed raw materials without any recovery value.Preview
  4. Q4Purchasing process should be initiated when material level reaches at (a) Minimum level (b) Maximum level (c) Danger level (d) Re-order leve…Preview
  5. Q5Bin card records (a) only price (b) only quantity (c) both price and quantity (d) valuePreview
  6. Q6The department by which issue of materials is generally valued, is (a) Costing department (b) Accounts department (c) Stores department (d)…Preview
  7. Q7Benefits of localized purchasing can be availed under (a) Centralised purchasing (b) Decentralised purchasing (c) On-line purchasing (d) Pur…Preview
  8. Q8What is Economic Order Quantity?Preview
  9. Q9What is Bin card?Preview
  10. Q10What is purchase requisition?Preview
  11. Q11Explain stock turnover ratio.Preview
  12. Q12State any two differences between Bin card and Stores ledger.Preview
  13. Q13A manufacturer buys certain materials from a supplier @ Rs 40 per unit. He needs 100 units per month. Annual return on investment is 10%. Re…Preview
  14. Q14What is weighted average method of material issue? Discuss its advantages and disadvantages.Preview
  15. Q15Primary packing material is (a) direct material (b) direct expenses (c) indirect material (d) indirect expensesPreview
  16. Q16Purchase requisition is prepared in (a) duplicate (b) triplicate (c) quadruplicate (d) quintuplicatePreview
  17. Q17LIFO method is suitable when prices are (a) stable (b) fluctuating (c) rising (d) fallingPreview
  18. Q18One of the following expenses which is not included in cost is (a) Direct labour (b) Factory overheads (c) Abnormal wastage of materials (d)…Preview
  19. Q19Stores ledger is maintained by (a) Storekeeper (b) Purchase department (c) Inspection department (d) Costing departmentPreview
  20. Q20Correct the underlined portion of the following sentence: After receipt of purchase order by the supplier, he sends the goods which are rece…Preview
  21. Q21Answer in one sentence: What is spoilage?Preview
  22. Q22Express in one word/term: Document which authorises the storekeeper to issue materials.Preview
  23. Q23How are stocks valued under cost accounting?Preview
  24. Q24What is goods received note?Preview
  25. Q25Explain ABC analysis system of inventory control.Preview
  26. Q26Two materials x and y are used as follows: - Minimum usage - 50 units per week. - Maximum usage - 150 units per week. - Normal usage - 100 u…Preview
  27. Q27Define purchasing. Explain the different principles of purchasing.Preview
  28. Q28Purchase order is prepared by : (a) Costing department (b) Store keeper (c) Purchase department (d) Production departmentPreview
  29. Q29A printed form used by storekeeper to make a formal request to purchase department to purchase material, is known as : (a) Purchase order (b…Preview
  30. Q30Goods received note is prepared by : (a) Store keeper (b) Costing department (c) Goods receiving department (d) Purchase departmentPreview
  31. Q31Materials which from the part of the finished product is known as : (a) Indirect material (b) Direct material (c) New material (d) consumabl…Preview
  32. Q32Material control is associated with its purchase, storage and : (a) receipt (b) issues (c) inspection (d) accountingPreview
  33. Q33Most of wastage of material can be prevented if proper steps can be taken in connection with : (a) Accounting (b) inspection (c) issuing (d)…Preview
  34. Q34Bin card is usually prepared in : (a) 2 copies (b) 3 copies (c) 4 copies (d) 5 copiesPreview
  35. Q35Purchase order is prepared in : (a) 5 copies (b) 4 copies (c) 3 copies (d) 2 copiesPreview
  36. Q36State any two advantages of bincard.Preview
  37. Q37What is Bill of material ?Preview
  38. Q38What is meant by spoilage ?Preview
  39. Q39State the features of stores ledger.Preview
  40. Q40Explain the 6 Rs. principles of scientific purchasing.Preview
  41. Q41From the following particulars prepare Stores Ledger Account under F.I.F.O. method. | Date | Particulars | | --- | --- | | 1.1.2017 | Openin…Preview
  42. Q42The original copy of purchase order is sent to : (a) Account department (b) Purchase department (c) The supplier (d) Receiving departmentPreview
  43. Q43(Maximum consumption x Maximum reorder period) determines : (a) Minimum stock level (b) Maximum stock level (c) Reorder level (d) Average st…Preview
  44. Q44Discarded substances having some value are called : (a) Waste (b) Scarp (c) Defective (d) SpoilagePreview
  45. Q45Express each of the following in one word / term : (i) A document which gives a complete list of all materials required for a job, order or…Preview
  46. Q46Express each of the following in one word / term : (ii) An analysis which is used primarily for control of spare parts.Preview
  47. Q47Answer the following questions in one sentence each : (vi) What is centralised purchasing?Preview
  48. Q48Rectify the underlined portions of the following sentences : (vii) Time lag between indenting and receiving of the material is called _idle_…Preview
  49. Q49Fill in the blanks : (x) E.O.Q is ______ Ordering Quantity.Preview
  50. Q50What is a purchase requisition?Preview
  51. Q51What is ABC analysis system of inventory control?Preview
  52. Q52State any two points of distinction between bin card and store ledger.Preview
  53. Q53From the following particulars prepare Stores Ledger Account : January 1 : Opening balance : 500 units @ Rs.4 per unit January 4 : issued 20…Preview
  54. Q54(e) Bin card is maintained by : (a) Purchase Department (b) Production Department (c) Store-keeper (d) Production OfficerPreview
  55. Q55(f) FIFO method of pricing material issue is suitable in times of : (a) Rising prices (b) Falling prices (c) Steady prices (d) Fluctuating p…Preview
  56. Q56(g) Scrap has : (a) Small value without further processing (b) Big value without further processing (c) No realisable value (d) No visible v…Preview
  57. Q57Express each of the following in one word / term : (i) The person who maintains stores ledger.Preview
  58. Q58Fill up the blanks : (xi) Reordering level = Maximum consumption × ________ .Preview
  59. Q59(c) What is purchase order ?Preview
  60. Q60(d) What is two-bin system of store keeping ?Preview
  61. Q61(e) What is centralised purchasing ?Preview
  62. Q62(h) What is Perpetual Inventory System ?Preview
  63. Q63(c) What is material transfer note ?Preview
  64. Q64Discuss the purchasing procedure.Preview

More questions

+Show 14 questions14 questions
  1. Q1What is meant by 'material'? Distinguish between Direct Material and Indirect Material with examples.Free
  2. Q2Explain the importance of purchasing and state the 'Six R's' of good purchasing.Free
  3. Q3Distinguish between Centralised Purchasing and Decentralised Purchasing, stating one advantage of each.Free
  4. Q4State the main functions of the Purchase Department and outline the procedure of purchasing material.Preview
  5. Q5What is a Bin Card? How does it differ from a Stores Ledger?Preview
  6. Q6What is the Perpetual Inventory System? How does it differ from physical (periodical) stock taking?Preview
  7. Q7From the following transactions, prepare a Stores Ledger Account under the FIFO method: Jan 1 Opening balance 200 units @ ₹10 per unit Jan 5…Preview
  8. Q8From the following transactions, prepare a Stores Ledger Account under the Weighted Average method: Mar 1 Opening balance 100 units @ ₹20 pe…Preview
  9. Q9Calculate the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) from the following data, and verify your answer: Annual usage: 2,400 units Ordering cost per ord…Preview
  10. Q10From the following data, calculate (a) Re-order Level, (b) Minimum Level, (c) Maximum Level, (d) Average Stock Level and (e) Danger Level: M…Preview
  11. Q11What is ABC Analysis of inventory? State how the three categories are controlled.Preview
  12. Q12What is VED Analysis? How does it differ from ABC Analysis?Preview
  13. Q13From the following information, calculate the Material (Stock) Turnover Ratio and the average number of days the material is held in stock:…Preview
  14. Q14What is material loss? Explain its types — waste, scrap, spoilage and defectives.Preview