Q.Briefly explain Programming instruction.

Programming (program-branching) instructions change the sequence in which instructions are executed by altering the program counter, allowing jumps, calls and returns. …

[!TLDR]

Program branching (programming) instructions — jumps, calls and returns — transfer program control to a different location by changing the program counter.

While a program executes, it is often necessary to transfer program control to a different location instead of running instructions one after another. Program branching instructions do this. There are two basic actions:

• A jump permanently changes the contents of the program counter if certain program conditions exist.
• A call temporarily changes the program counter to allow another part of the program (a subroutine) to run, after which control returns to the calling point.

Jump instructions are of three types:

• SJMP (short jump) — a relative jump within a 256-byte range (−128 to +127 bytes).
• AJMP (absolute jump) — allows an 11-bit (2K) address within the current 2K block.
• LJMP (long jump) — uses a 16-bit address, so a jump anywhere within the 64K program memory is possible. …