Ch 2Functions of Management — Class 12 Organisation of Commerce and Management, concept-first.

Every organisation, whether a small shop or a large company, exists to achieve certain objectives. Management is the process that makes this achievement possible in a planned, efficient and coordinate…

Planning is the first and most fundamental function of management. It is the process of deciding in advance what is to be done, when it is to be done, how it is to be done, and who will do it.

Once a plan has been decided, the next question is: who will carry it out, and with what resources? This is the domain of Organizing — the management function that creates the structure and framework…

An organisational structure is only a skeleton until it is filled with the right people. Staffing is the management function concerned with placing the right person in the right job — obtaining, devel…

Planning sets the goal, organizing builds the structure, and staffing fills it with people — but none of this produces results until people are actually guided, instructed and inspired to perform.

No plan is guaranteed to succeed exactly as intended. Controlling is the management function that checks whether actual performance matches the planned performance, and takes corrective action where i…

Planning, organizing, staffing, directing and controlling could each be performed correctly in isolation and yet the organisation could still fail — if the departments and individuals carrying them ou…

Sample papers and previous-year board questions for this subject.