Q.Outline the path of sperm upto the urethra.

Leydig's cells (interstitial cells), located in the interstitial spaces between the seminiferous tubules of the testis, secrete the male sex hormone testosterone, which is essential for spermatogenesis and the develop...

Leydig's cells are the testosterone-secreting endocrine cells of the testis.

Leydig cells (also called interstitial cells) are found scattered in the loose connective tissue occupying the spaces between the seminiferous tubules within the testicular lobules. Under the stimulation of luteinizing hormone (LH, also called interstitial cell stimulating hormone or ICSH in males) from the anterior pituitary, Leydig cells synthesize and secrete testosterone, the principal male androgen. Testosterone regulates spermatogenesis (in conjunction with FSH acting on Sertoli cells), promotes the growth and function of male accessory reproductive organs, and is responsible for the development and maintenance of male secondary sexual characteristics such as facial/body hair, deepening of voice and muscular development.

In the male hormone axis: hypothalamic GnRH → pituitary FSH (and LH) → testis; Leydig cells make testosterone and Sertoli cells make inhibin, which give negative feedback. So I = GnRH, II = FSH, III = Testosterone, IV = Inhibin.

Note: this item carries a figure. A specific figure description was not supplied to me in the batch, so I answer from the standard NCERT male hormonal-control diagram.

The hormonal control of male reproduction (hypothalamo–pituitary–gonadal axis):

1. The hypothalamus releases GnRH (Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone) → labelled I.
2. GnRH stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete the gonadotropins FSH and LH. FSH acts on Sertoli cells → labelled II (FSH).
3. LH acts on Leydig (interstitial) cells to secrete Testosterone → labelled III.
4. Sertoli cells secrete Inhibin, which suppresses FSH secretion by negative feedback → labelled IV.

Both testosterone and inhibin exert negative feedback on the hypothalamus/pituitary. This ordering matches option (d).

A classic NCERT/CBSE Class 12 Biology diagram-based board question on Human Reproduction.

(d) Head — the acrosome, a cap covering the anterior part of the sperm head, contains hydrolytic enzymes (including hyaluronidase) that digest a path through the corona radiata and zona pellucida of the egg.

The acrosome, located in the sperm head, carries the penetration enzymes.

A mature human sperm has four regions — head, neck, middle piece and tail. The head carries the haploid nucleus and, covering its anterior two-thirds, a membrane-bound cap called the acrosome. The acrosome is essentially a modified lysosome packed with hydrolytic enzymes such as hyaluronidase and acrosin. During fertilisation these enzymes are released (the acrosome reaction) and digest the follicle cells of the corona radiata and the glycoprotein zona pellucida surrounding the ovum, allowing the sperm to penetrate and fuse with the egg's plasma membrane. The middle piece, by contrast, is packed with mitochondria that supply ATP for tail movement, not enzymes.

Spermarche is the medical term for a male's first ejaculation of semen, occurring at puberty.

At puberty, rising gonadotropin and testosterone levels activate the testes, leading to the onset of spermatogenesis and semen production; the first ejaculation event in this process is termed spermarche, paralleling menarche (the first menstrual period) in girls. Option (a) Orchidectomy is a surgical procedure to remove one or both testes, unrelated to normal puberty. Option (b) Infertility is the inability of a couple to conceive after regular unprotected intercourse, a clinical condition, not a developmental milestone. Option (d) Azoospermia is a pathological condition where semen contains no sperm cells at all, a cause of male infertility, not the definition of first ejaculation.

Testosterone is secreted by the Leydig (interstitial) cells of the testis.

Within the testis, the seminiferous tubules are surrounded by interstitial tissue containing Leydig cells, which, under stimulation by luteinizing hormone (LH) from the pituitary, synthesise and secrete testosterone — the principal androgen responsible for male secondary sexual characteristics and regulation of spermatogenesis. Option (b) Sertoli cells, located within the seminiferous tubules themselves, provide nutrition and support to developing germ cells and secrete factors like inhibin, but they do not produce testosterone. Option (a) Epididymis is a coiled duct where sperm are stored and undergo maturation, and option (c) Prostate gland is an accessory gland that contributes fluid to semen — neither is an endocrine source of testosterone.

(d) Sertoli cell — the nurse cell of the seminiferous tubule wall that spans from the basement membrane to the lumen.

A cell within the seminiferous-tubule wall, spanning from the basement membrane to the lumen, is a Sertoli (nurse) cell.

In a T.S. of the testis, each seminiferous tubule wall is lined by germinal epithelium consisting of two main cell types: spermatogenic cells (which divide and mature into sperm, occupying most of the crowded epithelium) and large, tall Sertoli (sustentacular/nurse) cells that rest on the basement membrane and extend right up to the lumen, nourishing and protecting the developing germ cells and secreting fluid that carries sperm. Since the labelled cell 'A' is described as lying at the tubule wall/lumen (i.e., within the tubule's epithelium), it corresponds to a Sertoli cell rather than a Leydig cell, which instead lies outside the tubules in the interstitial connective tissue between them and secretes testosterone.

The prostate gland adds an alkaline secretion to semen that activates the sperm and neutralises vaginal/urethral acidity, aiding sperm survival and motility.

The prostate gland is one of the accessory (secondary) sex glands of the human male reproductive system, surrounding the base of the urethra. Its secretion forms a major part of the seminal plasma.

One function: it secretes a slightly alkaline, milky fluid that (i) forms part of the semen and (ii) neutralises the acidity of the male urethra and the female reproductive tract, thereby activating the sperm and enhancing their motility and survival.

(c) Seminal vesicles

Seminal vesicle secretion, rich in fructose, contributes the largest share (about 60%) of semen volume.

Semen is composed of spermatozoa suspended in secretions from several accessory glands. The paired seminal vesicles contribute the largest proportion — roughly 60% of the total semen volume — with a viscous, alkaline, fructose-rich fluid that nourishes sperm and provides energy for their motility. The prostate gland contributes a smaller proportion (roughly 30%) of milky, slightly acidic fluid containing enzymes that help liquefy semen, while the bulbourethral (Cowper's) glands contribute a small amount of clear, lubricating fluid; Bartholin's glands are actually a female reproductive structure and not part of the male semen contribution at all.

Mitochondria in the sperm's middle piece supply the energy for its motility.

A human/mammalian sperm's middle piece is densely packed with mitochondria arranged helically around the axial filament (axoneme); these mitochondria carry out oxidative respiration to generate the ATP that powers the beating of the tail (flagellum), propelling the sperm forward. The acrosome contains enzymes for penetrating the egg, the nucleus carries the condensed paternal genetic material, and the axial filament is the contractile microtubule structure that mitochondria-derived ATP actually drives — but it is the mitochondria that are the energy source.