Q.Are pollination and fertilization necessary in apomixis?

Seed formation without fertilization is called apomixis.

Apomixis is a mechanism to produce seeds asexually, without the fusion of gametes, so the offspring are genetically identical to the mother plant.

Apomixis is a form of reproduction that superficially resembles normal sexual reproduction (the plant still produces seeds) but does not actually involve meiosis or fertilisation — instead, either the diploid egg cell develops into an embryo without fertilisation, or some other diploid cell of the ovule (e.g., the nucellus) directly develops into an embryo. Since no fusion of gametes occurs, all the offspring are genetically identical clones of the parent plant. It is seen in some Citrus and mango varieties, and in many grass species, and is of great interest to plant bree …

Development of an offspring from an unfertilised egg, without fertilisation.

Clones are genetically identical individuals produced without gamete fusion, i.e., through asexual reproduction.

A clone is defined as a group of individuals that are genetically identical to one another and to the parent from which they arose. This identity is only possible when offspring are produced by mitotic division of a single parent's cells (vegetative propagation, budding, fragmentation, apomixis, etc.), because mitosis faithfully copies the parental genome without any exchange or recombination of genetic material. Sexual reproduction (option a), hybridization (b), and cros …

Apomixis is a natural asexual short-cut to seed formation, bypassing fertilisation entirely to produce clonal seeds.

Apomixis is a special mode of asexual reproduction found in some flowering plants (e.g., certain species of Asteraceae and grasses, and citrus) in which seeds are produced without the actual fusion of male and female gametes — i.e., without fertilisation. The embryo instead develops directly from a diploid cell, such as a cell of the nucellus or an unreduced egg cell, so the resulting seed and the plant it grows into are genetically identical to the m …

Agamospermy is asexual seed formation - a form of apomixis where seeds develop without the fusion of gametes.

Apomixis is a mechanism that produces seeds asexually without meiosis and syngamy, so the offspring are genetically identical (clones) of the parent plant. Agamospermy is one of its forms: instead of the egg cell being fertilized by a male gamete, the embryo arises directly from an unfertilized diploid cell of the ovule - most commonly a nucellar cell, a synergid, or an antipodal cell - which divides mitotically to form the embryo while the rest of the ovule develops into a normal-looking seed. Because no fertilization occurs, agamospermy is exploited commercially (e.g. in some Citrus and mango varieties, and by plant breeders working on …

Apomixis is a mechanism by which a plant produces seeds asexually, without meiosis or fertilization occurring, so the seed is genetically identical to the mother plant even though it looks like a normal sexually-produced seed.

In many flowering plants (e.g. some species of Citrus, Mango, and grasses such as Asteraceae and Poaceae members), a diploid cell of the ovule - such as the nucellus - starts dividing and develops directly into an embryo, without the normal steps of meiosis (formation of haploid gametes) and syngamy (fusion of gametes). This process is called apomixis, and it is a special adaptation in flowering plants for asexual reproduction through seeds (also called agamospermy). Because no genetic recombination occurs, the offspring are genetically identical clones of the parent plant. Apomixis is of great interest to plant breeders because hybrid seed varieties, which are usually costly to produce every generation (as hybrid vigour is lost in the next generation rais …

Apomixis is a mechanism by which seeds are formed without fertilisation, so it is essentially asexual reproduction disguised as sexual reproduction — the resulting embryo is a clone of the mother plant.

Explanation

In apomixis, the embryo develops directly from a diploid cell of the ovule — for example, from the nucellus, or from a diploid egg cell formed without meiosis — instead of from the fusion of a haploid egg and a haploid sperm. Because no genetic recombination or fertilisation occurs, the seed produced carries an embryo that is genetically identical to the mother plant (a clone).

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