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Botany · Class 12 Science

Ch 3Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance — Class 12 Botany, concept-first.

This chapter builds directly on the previous one on Mendelian genetics, moving from Mendel's own findings to how those abstract 'factors' turned out to correspond to real, physical structures inside the cell - the chromosomal theory of inheritance.

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Key concepts

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Chromosomal Aberrations

Chromosomal mutations (aberrations) alter chromosomes on a scale spanning many genes at once, often visible microscopically, unlike gene mutations. They fall into two groups.

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Chapter contents

The NCERT structure, section by section. Open a section to see its questions, then read the concept-first solution.

Introduction

This chapter builds directly on the previous one on Mendelian genetics, moving from Mendel's own findings to how those abstract 'factors' turned out to correspond to real, physical structures inside t…

3.1

Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance

Gregor Mendel worked out the rules of inheritance in pea plants by 1865, but his paper sat unread until 1900, when Hugo de Vries, Carl Correns and Erich von Tschermak each rediscovered the same laws i…

+Evaluation62 questions
  1. Q1An allohexaploidy contains a) Six different genomes b) Six copies of three different genomes c) Two copies of three different genomes d) Six…Free
  2. Q2The A and B genes are 10 cM apart on a chromosome. If an AB/ab heterozygote is testcrossed to ab/ab, how many of each progeny class would yo…Free
  3. Q3Match List I with List II. List I: A. A pair of chromosomes extra with diploid; B. One chromosome extra to the diploid; C. One chromosome lo…Free
  4. Q4Which of the following sentences are correct? 1. The offspring exhibit only parental combinations due to incomplete linkage 2. The linked ge…Preview
  5. Q5Accurate mapping of genes can be done by three point test cross because it increases a) Possibility of single cross over b) Possibility of d…Preview
  6. Q6Due to incomplete linkage in maize, the ratio of parental and recombinants are a) 50:50 b) 7:1:1:7 c) 96.4:3.6 d) 1:7:7:1Preview
  7. Q7Genes G S L H are located on same chromosome. The recombination percentage between L and G is 15%, S and L is 50%, H and S are 20%. The corr…Preview
  8. Q8The point mutation sequence for transition, transition, transversion and transversion in DNA are a) A to T, T to A, C to G and G to C b) A t…Preview
  9. Q9If haploid number in a cell is 18, the double monosomic and trisomic number will be a) 35 and 37 b) 34 and 35 c) 37 and 35 d) 17 and 19Preview
  10. Q10Changing the codon AGC to AGA represents a) missense mutation b) nonsense mutation c) frameshift mutation d) deletion mutationPreview
  11. Q11Assertion (A): Gamma rays are generally used to induce mutation in wheat varieties. Reason (R): Because they carry lower energy to non-ioniz…Preview
  12. Q12How many map units separate two alleles A and B if the recombination frequency is 0.09? a) 900 cM b) 90 cM c) 9 cM d) 0.9 cMPreview
  13. Q13Which one of the following pairs of codons is correctly matched with their function or the signal for the particular amino acid? a) UUA, UCA…Preview
  14. Q14Removal of introns and joining of exons in a defined order during transcription is called a) Splicing b) Looping c) Inducing d) SlicingPreview
  15. Q15If one strand of DNA has the nitrogenous base sequence as ATCTS, what would be the complementary RNA strand sequence? a) ATCGU b) TTAGU c) U…Preview
  16. Q16Removal of RNA polymerase III from nucleoplasm will affect the synthesis of a) rRNA b) tRNA c) hnRNA d) mRNAPreview
  17. Q17DNA dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes transcription on one strand of the DNA which is called the a) Alpha strand b) Anti strand c) Template…Preview
  18. Q18Which of the following correctly represents the flow of genetic information? a) DNA -> RNA -> Protein b) RNA -> DNA -> Protein c) RNA -> Pro…Preview
  19. Q19Initiation codon is a) UUU b) UGA c) AUG d) UAGPreview
  20. Q20A eukaryotic gene contains two kinds of base sequences. Which of these plays an important role in protein synthesis? a) Introns b) Exons c)…Preview
  21. Q21Codon - anticodon interactions occur by a) Covalent bond b) Electrostatic interactions c) Hydrogen bonds d) Hydrophobic interactionPreview
  22. Q22Which of the following RNA polymerases is responsible for the transcription of protein coding genes in eukaryotes? a) RNA Pol I b) RNA Pol I…Preview
  23. Q23How are RNA molecules transported out of the nucleus? a) Passive diffusion through the membrane b) Through membrane pores in an energy indep…Preview
  24. Q24During translation the codon in mRNA is actually 'read' by a) The A site in the ribosomes b) The P site in the ribosomes c) The anticodon in…Preview
  25. Q25A complex of ribosome attached to a single strand of RNA is known as a) Polysome b) Polymer c) Polypeptide d) Okazaki fragmentPreview
  26. Q26Which of the following is the start codon? a) AUG b) UGA c) UAA d) UAGPreview
  27. Q27What is true about tRNA? a) It binds with an amino acid at its 3' end b) It has 5 double stranded regions c) It has a codon at one end which…Preview
  28. Q28Which one of the following hydrolyses internal phosphodiester bonds in a polynucleotide chain? a) Lipase b) Exonuclease c) Endonuclease d) P…Preview
  29. Q29DNA element with ability to change position is called a) Cistron b) Transposon c) Intron d) ReconPreview
  30. Q30Spliceosomes are not found in cells of a) Plants b) Fungi c) Animals d) BacteriaPreview
  31. Q31During DNA replication Okazaki fragments are used to elongate a) The leading strand towards replication fork b) The lagging strand towards r…Preview
  32. Q32When two different genes came from same parent they tend to remain together. i) What is the name of this phenomenon? ii) Draw the cross with…Preview
  33. Q33If you cross dominant genotype PV/PV male Drosophila with double recessive female and obtain F1 hybrid. Now you cross F1 male with double re…Preview
  34. Q34A three-point test cross in a plant gave the following results. S.no 1: Gamete type ABC, Number of progenies 349 S.no 2: Gamete type Abc, Nu…Preview
  35. Q35What is the difference between missense and nonsense mutation?Preview
  36. Q36The diagram below shows a normal chromosome with genes in the order A B C D E F G H I, and a second chromosome with genes in the order A B B…Preview
  37. Q37Write the salient features of Sutton and Boveri concept.Preview
  38. Q38Explain the mechanism of crossing over.Preview
  39. Q39Write the steps involved in molecular mechanism of DNA recombination with diagram.Preview
  40. Q40How is Nicotiana exhibit self-incompatibility? Explain its mechanism.Preview
  41. Q41How is sex determined in monoecious plants? Write the genes involved in it.Preview
  42. Q42What is gene mapping? Write its uses.Preview
  43. Q43Draw the diagram of different types of aneuploidy.Preview
  44. Q44Mention the name of man-made cereal. How is it formed?Preview
  45. Q45What is DNA repair?Preview
  46. Q46What is replication fork?Preview
  47. Q47Write about the energetics of DNA replication.Preview
  48. Q48What is TATA box?Preview
  49. Q49What is alternative splicing?Preview
  50. Q50What is coding strand?Preview
  51. Q51What are the enzymes involved in DNA replication in eukaryotes?Preview
  52. Q52Differentiate coding and non-coding strand.Preview
  53. Q53What are spliceosomes?Preview
  54. Q54What is meant by capping and tailing?Preview
  55. Q55What is RNA editing?Preview
  56. Q56Explain the DNA replication in eukaryotes.Preview
  57. Q57With reference to a gene diagram showing a promoter region, exons, introns and a terminator signal, correctly match the following: Column I…Preview
  58. Q58What attributes make Arabidopsis a suitable model plant for molecular genetic research?Preview
  59. Q59Describe the molecular mechanism of RNA modification.Preview
  60. Q60Explain ribosomal translocation in protein synthesis.Preview
  61. Q61Describe transposons.Preview
  62. Q62Describe RNA editing in plants.Preview
3.1.1

Historical Development of Chromosome Theory

The chromosomal theory did not appear all at once; it was assembled from a run of careful cytological observations spread across two decades.

+Evaluation62 questions
  1. Q1An allohexaploidy contains a) Six different genomes b) Six copies of three different genomes c) Two copies of three different genomes d) Six…Free
  2. Q2The A and B genes are 10 cM apart on a chromosome. If an AB/ab heterozygote is testcrossed to ab/ab, how many of each progeny class would yo…Free
  3. Q3Match List I with List II. List I: A. A pair of chromosomes extra with diploid; B. One chromosome extra to the diploid; C. One chromosome lo…Free
  4. Q4Which of the following sentences are correct? 1. The offspring exhibit only parental combinations due to incomplete linkage 2. The linked ge…Preview
  5. Q5Accurate mapping of genes can be done by three point test cross because it increases a) Possibility of single cross over b) Possibility of d…Preview
  6. Q6Due to incomplete linkage in maize, the ratio of parental and recombinants are a) 50:50 b) 7:1:1:7 c) 96.4:3.6 d) 1:7:7:1Preview
  7. Q7Genes G S L H are located on same chromosome. The recombination percentage between L and G is 15%, S and L is 50%, H and S are 20%. The corr…Preview
  8. Q8The point mutation sequence for transition, transition, transversion and transversion in DNA are a) A to T, T to A, C to G and G to C b) A t…Preview
  9. Q9If haploid number in a cell is 18, the double monosomic and trisomic number will be a) 35 and 37 b) 34 and 35 c) 37 and 35 d) 17 and 19Preview
  10. Q10Changing the codon AGC to AGA represents a) missense mutation b) nonsense mutation c) frameshift mutation d) deletion mutationPreview
  11. Q11Assertion (A): Gamma rays are generally used to induce mutation in wheat varieties. Reason (R): Because they carry lower energy to non-ioniz…Preview
  12. Q12How many map units separate two alleles A and B if the recombination frequency is 0.09? a) 900 cM b) 90 cM c) 9 cM d) 0.9 cMPreview
  13. Q13Which one of the following pairs of codons is correctly matched with their function or the signal for the particular amino acid? a) UUA, UCA…Preview
  14. Q14Removal of introns and joining of exons in a defined order during transcription is called a) Splicing b) Looping c) Inducing d) SlicingPreview
  15. Q15If one strand of DNA has the nitrogenous base sequence as ATCTS, what would be the complementary RNA strand sequence? a) ATCGU b) TTAGU c) U…Preview
  16. Q16Removal of RNA polymerase III from nucleoplasm will affect the synthesis of a) rRNA b) tRNA c) hnRNA d) mRNAPreview
  17. Q17DNA dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes transcription on one strand of the DNA which is called the a) Alpha strand b) Anti strand c) Template…Preview
  18. Q18Which of the following correctly represents the flow of genetic information? a) DNA -> RNA -> Protein b) RNA -> DNA -> Protein c) RNA -> Pro…Preview
  19. Q19Initiation codon is a) UUU b) UGA c) AUG d) UAGPreview
  20. Q20A eukaryotic gene contains two kinds of base sequences. Which of these plays an important role in protein synthesis? a) Introns b) Exons c)…Preview
  21. Q21Codon - anticodon interactions occur by a) Covalent bond b) Electrostatic interactions c) Hydrogen bonds d) Hydrophobic interactionPreview
  22. Q22Which of the following RNA polymerases is responsible for the transcription of protein coding genes in eukaryotes? a) RNA Pol I b) RNA Pol I…Preview
  23. Q23How are RNA molecules transported out of the nucleus? a) Passive diffusion through the membrane b) Through membrane pores in an energy indep…Preview
  24. Q24During translation the codon in mRNA is actually 'read' by a) The A site in the ribosomes b) The P site in the ribosomes c) The anticodon in…Preview
  25. Q25A complex of ribosome attached to a single strand of RNA is known as a) Polysome b) Polymer c) Polypeptide d) Okazaki fragmentPreview
  26. Q26Which of the following is the start codon? a) AUG b) UGA c) UAA d) UAGPreview
  27. Q27What is true about tRNA? a) It binds with an amino acid at its 3' end b) It has 5 double stranded regions c) It has a codon at one end which…Preview
  28. Q28Which one of the following hydrolyses internal phosphodiester bonds in a polynucleotide chain? a) Lipase b) Exonuclease c) Endonuclease d) P…Preview
  29. Q29DNA element with ability to change position is called a) Cistron b) Transposon c) Intron d) ReconPreview
  30. Q30Spliceosomes are not found in cells of a) Plants b) Fungi c) Animals d) BacteriaPreview
  31. Q31During DNA replication Okazaki fragments are used to elongate a) The leading strand towards replication fork b) The lagging strand towards r…Preview
  32. Q32When two different genes came from same parent they tend to remain together. i) What is the name of this phenomenon? ii) Draw the cross with…Preview
  33. Q33If you cross dominant genotype PV/PV male Drosophila with double recessive female and obtain F1 hybrid. Now you cross F1 male with double re…Preview
  34. Q34A three-point test cross in a plant gave the following results. S.no 1: Gamete type ABC, Number of progenies 349 S.no 2: Gamete type Abc, Nu…Preview
  35. Q35What is the difference between missense and nonsense mutation?Preview
  36. Q36The diagram below shows a normal chromosome with genes in the order A B C D E F G H I, and a second chromosome with genes in the order A B B…Preview
  37. Q37Write the salient features of Sutton and Boveri concept.Preview
  38. Q38Explain the mechanism of crossing over.Preview
  39. Q39Write the steps involved in molecular mechanism of DNA recombination with diagram.Preview
  40. Q40How is Nicotiana exhibit self-incompatibility? Explain its mechanism.Preview
  41. Q41How is sex determined in monoecious plants? Write the genes involved in it.Preview
  42. Q42What is gene mapping? Write its uses.Preview
  43. Q43Draw the diagram of different types of aneuploidy.Preview
  44. Q44Mention the name of man-made cereal. How is it formed?Preview
  45. Q45What is DNA repair?Preview
  46. Q46What is replication fork?Preview
  47. Q47Write about the energetics of DNA replication.Preview
  48. Q48What is TATA box?Preview
  49. Q49What is alternative splicing?Preview
  50. Q50What is coding strand?Preview
  51. Q51What are the enzymes involved in DNA replication in eukaryotes?Preview
  52. Q52Differentiate coding and non-coding strand.Preview
  53. Q53What are spliceosomes?Preview
  54. Q54What is meant by capping and tailing?Preview
  55. Q55What is RNA editing?Preview
  56. Q56Explain the DNA replication in eukaryotes.Preview
  57. Q57With reference to a gene diagram showing a promoter region, exons, introns and a terminator signal, correctly match the following: Column I…Preview
  58. Q58What attributes make Arabidopsis a suitable model plant for molecular genetic research?Preview
  59. Q59Describe the molecular mechanism of RNA modification.Preview
  60. Q60Explain ribosomal translocation in protein synthesis.Preview
  61. Q61Describe transposons.Preview
  62. Q62Describe RNA editing in plants.Preview
3.1.2

Salient Features of the Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance

The chromosomal theory rests on four observable features of chromosome behaviour. First, every somatic cell in a multicellular organism traces back to the original zygote through repeated mitotic divi…

+Evaluation62 questions
  1. Q1An allohexaploidy contains a) Six different genomes b) Six copies of three different genomes c) Two copies of three different genomes d) Six…Free
  2. Q2The A and B genes are 10 cM apart on a chromosome. If an AB/ab heterozygote is testcrossed to ab/ab, how many of each progeny class would yo…Free
  3. Q3Match List I with List II. List I: A. A pair of chromosomes extra with diploid; B. One chromosome extra to the diploid; C. One chromosome lo…Free
  4. Q4Which of the following sentences are correct? 1. The offspring exhibit only parental combinations due to incomplete linkage 2. The linked ge…Preview
  5. Q5Accurate mapping of genes can be done by three point test cross because it increases a) Possibility of single cross over b) Possibility of d…Preview
  6. Q6Due to incomplete linkage in maize, the ratio of parental and recombinants are a) 50:50 b) 7:1:1:7 c) 96.4:3.6 d) 1:7:7:1Preview
  7. Q7Genes G S L H are located on same chromosome. The recombination percentage between L and G is 15%, S and L is 50%, H and S are 20%. The corr…Preview
  8. Q8The point mutation sequence for transition, transition, transversion and transversion in DNA are a) A to T, T to A, C to G and G to C b) A t…Preview
  9. Q9If haploid number in a cell is 18, the double monosomic and trisomic number will be a) 35 and 37 b) 34 and 35 c) 37 and 35 d) 17 and 19Preview
  10. Q10Changing the codon AGC to AGA represents a) missense mutation b) nonsense mutation c) frameshift mutation d) deletion mutationPreview
  11. Q11Assertion (A): Gamma rays are generally used to induce mutation in wheat varieties. Reason (R): Because they carry lower energy to non-ioniz…Preview
  12. Q12How many map units separate two alleles A and B if the recombination frequency is 0.09? a) 900 cM b) 90 cM c) 9 cM d) 0.9 cMPreview
  13. Q13Which one of the following pairs of codons is correctly matched with their function or the signal for the particular amino acid? a) UUA, UCA…Preview
  14. Q14Removal of introns and joining of exons in a defined order during transcription is called a) Splicing b) Looping c) Inducing d) SlicingPreview
  15. Q15If one strand of DNA has the nitrogenous base sequence as ATCTS, what would be the complementary RNA strand sequence? a) ATCGU b) TTAGU c) U…Preview
  16. Q16Removal of RNA polymerase III from nucleoplasm will affect the synthesis of a) rRNA b) tRNA c) hnRNA d) mRNAPreview
  17. Q17DNA dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes transcription on one strand of the DNA which is called the a) Alpha strand b) Anti strand c) Template…Preview
  18. Q18Which of the following correctly represents the flow of genetic information? a) DNA -> RNA -> Protein b) RNA -> DNA -> Protein c) RNA -> Pro…Preview
  19. Q19Initiation codon is a) UUU b) UGA c) AUG d) UAGPreview
  20. Q20A eukaryotic gene contains two kinds of base sequences. Which of these plays an important role in protein synthesis? a) Introns b) Exons c)…Preview
  21. Q21Codon - anticodon interactions occur by a) Covalent bond b) Electrostatic interactions c) Hydrogen bonds d) Hydrophobic interactionPreview
  22. Q22Which of the following RNA polymerases is responsible for the transcription of protein coding genes in eukaryotes? a) RNA Pol I b) RNA Pol I…Preview
  23. Q23How are RNA molecules transported out of the nucleus? a) Passive diffusion through the membrane b) Through membrane pores in an energy indep…Preview
  24. Q24During translation the codon in mRNA is actually 'read' by a) The A site in the ribosomes b) The P site in the ribosomes c) The anticodon in…Preview
  25. Q25A complex of ribosome attached to a single strand of RNA is known as a) Polysome b) Polymer c) Polypeptide d) Okazaki fragmentPreview
  26. Q26Which of the following is the start codon? a) AUG b) UGA c) UAA d) UAGPreview
  27. Q27What is true about tRNA? a) It binds with an amino acid at its 3' end b) It has 5 double stranded regions c) It has a codon at one end which…Preview
  28. Q28Which one of the following hydrolyses internal phosphodiester bonds in a polynucleotide chain? a) Lipase b) Exonuclease c) Endonuclease d) P…Preview
  29. Q29DNA element with ability to change position is called a) Cistron b) Transposon c) Intron d) ReconPreview
  30. Q30Spliceosomes are not found in cells of a) Plants b) Fungi c) Animals d) BacteriaPreview
  31. Q31During DNA replication Okazaki fragments are used to elongate a) The leading strand towards replication fork b) The lagging strand towards r…Preview
  32. Q32When two different genes came from same parent they tend to remain together. i) What is the name of this phenomenon? ii) Draw the cross with…Preview
  33. Q33If you cross dominant genotype PV/PV male Drosophila with double recessive female and obtain F1 hybrid. Now you cross F1 male with double re…Preview
  34. Q34A three-point test cross in a plant gave the following results. S.no 1: Gamete type ABC, Number of progenies 349 S.no 2: Gamete type Abc, Nu…Preview
  35. Q35What is the difference between missense and nonsense mutation?Preview
  36. Q36The diagram below shows a normal chromosome with genes in the order A B C D E F G H I, and a second chromosome with genes in the order A B B…Preview
  37. Q37Write the salient features of Sutton and Boveri concept.Preview
  38. Q38Explain the mechanism of crossing over.Preview
  39. Q39Write the steps involved in molecular mechanism of DNA recombination with diagram.Preview
  40. Q40How is Nicotiana exhibit self-incompatibility? Explain its mechanism.Preview
  41. Q41How is sex determined in monoecious plants? Write the genes involved in it.Preview
  42. Q42What is gene mapping? Write its uses.Preview
  43. Q43Draw the diagram of different types of aneuploidy.Preview
  44. Q44Mention the name of man-made cereal. How is it formed?Preview
  45. Q45What is DNA repair?Preview
  46. Q46What is replication fork?Preview
  47. Q47Write about the energetics of DNA replication.Preview
  48. Q48What is TATA box?Preview
  49. Q49What is alternative splicing?Preview
  50. Q50What is coding strand?Preview
  51. Q51What are the enzymes involved in DNA replication in eukaryotes?Preview
  52. Q52Differentiate coding and non-coding strand.Preview
  53. Q53What are spliceosomes?Preview
  54. Q54What is meant by capping and tailing?Preview
  55. Q55What is RNA editing?Preview
  56. Q56Explain the DNA replication in eukaryotes.Preview
  57. Q57With reference to a gene diagram showing a promoter region, exons, introns and a terminator signal, correctly match the following: Column I…Preview
  58. Q58What attributes make Arabidopsis a suitable model plant for molecular genetic research?Preview
  59. Q59Describe the molecular mechanism of RNA modification.Preview
  60. Q60Explain ribosomal translocation in protein synthesis.Preview
  61. Q61Describe transposons.Preview
  62. Q62Describe RNA editing in plants.Preview
3.1.3

Support for the Chromosomal Theory of Heredity

Even after Sutton and Boveri's proposal, the chromosomal theory remained a live controversy among biologists for several years, because no one had yet tied a specific visible trait to the behaviour of…

+Evaluation62 questions
  1. Q1An allohexaploidy contains a) Six different genomes b) Six copies of three different genomes c) Two copies of three different genomes d) Six…Free
  2. Q2The A and B genes are 10 cM apart on a chromosome. If an AB/ab heterozygote is testcrossed to ab/ab, how many of each progeny class would yo…Free
  3. Q3Match List I with List II. List I: A. A pair of chromosomes extra with diploid; B. One chromosome extra to the diploid; C. One chromosome lo…Free
  4. Q4Which of the following sentences are correct? 1. The offspring exhibit only parental combinations due to incomplete linkage 2. The linked ge…Preview
  5. Q5Accurate mapping of genes can be done by three point test cross because it increases a) Possibility of single cross over b) Possibility of d…Preview
  6. Q6Due to incomplete linkage in maize, the ratio of parental and recombinants are a) 50:50 b) 7:1:1:7 c) 96.4:3.6 d) 1:7:7:1Preview
  7. Q7Genes G S L H are located on same chromosome. The recombination percentage between L and G is 15%, S and L is 50%, H and S are 20%. The corr…Preview
  8. Q8The point mutation sequence for transition, transition, transversion and transversion in DNA are a) A to T, T to A, C to G and G to C b) A t…Preview
  9. Q9If haploid number in a cell is 18, the double monosomic and trisomic number will be a) 35 and 37 b) 34 and 35 c) 37 and 35 d) 17 and 19Preview
  10. Q10Changing the codon AGC to AGA represents a) missense mutation b) nonsense mutation c) frameshift mutation d) deletion mutationPreview
  11. Q11Assertion (A): Gamma rays are generally used to induce mutation in wheat varieties. Reason (R): Because they carry lower energy to non-ioniz…Preview
  12. Q12How many map units separate two alleles A and B if the recombination frequency is 0.09? a) 900 cM b) 90 cM c) 9 cM d) 0.9 cMPreview
  13. Q13Which one of the following pairs of codons is correctly matched with their function or the signal for the particular amino acid? a) UUA, UCA…Preview
  14. Q14Removal of introns and joining of exons in a defined order during transcription is called a) Splicing b) Looping c) Inducing d) SlicingPreview
  15. Q15If one strand of DNA has the nitrogenous base sequence as ATCTS, what would be the complementary RNA strand sequence? a) ATCGU b) TTAGU c) U…Preview
  16. Q16Removal of RNA polymerase III from nucleoplasm will affect the synthesis of a) rRNA b) tRNA c) hnRNA d) mRNAPreview
  17. Q17DNA dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes transcription on one strand of the DNA which is called the a) Alpha strand b) Anti strand c) Template…Preview
  18. Q18Which of the following correctly represents the flow of genetic information? a) DNA -> RNA -> Protein b) RNA -> DNA -> Protein c) RNA -> Pro…Preview
  19. Q19Initiation codon is a) UUU b) UGA c) AUG d) UAGPreview
  20. Q20A eukaryotic gene contains two kinds of base sequences. Which of these plays an important role in protein synthesis? a) Introns b) Exons c)…Preview
  21. Q21Codon - anticodon interactions occur by a) Covalent bond b) Electrostatic interactions c) Hydrogen bonds d) Hydrophobic interactionPreview
  22. Q22Which of the following RNA polymerases is responsible for the transcription of protein coding genes in eukaryotes? a) RNA Pol I b) RNA Pol I…Preview
  23. Q23How are RNA molecules transported out of the nucleus? a) Passive diffusion through the membrane b) Through membrane pores in an energy indep…Preview
  24. Q24During translation the codon in mRNA is actually 'read' by a) The A site in the ribosomes b) The P site in the ribosomes c) The anticodon in…Preview
  25. Q25A complex of ribosome attached to a single strand of RNA is known as a) Polysome b) Polymer c) Polypeptide d) Okazaki fragmentPreview
  26. Q26Which of the following is the start codon? a) AUG b) UGA c) UAA d) UAGPreview
  27. Q27What is true about tRNA? a) It binds with an amino acid at its 3' end b) It has 5 double stranded regions c) It has a codon at one end which…Preview
  28. Q28Which one of the following hydrolyses internal phosphodiester bonds in a polynucleotide chain? a) Lipase b) Exonuclease c) Endonuclease d) P…Preview
  29. Q29DNA element with ability to change position is called a) Cistron b) Transposon c) Intron d) ReconPreview
  30. Q30Spliceosomes are not found in cells of a) Plants b) Fungi c) Animals d) BacteriaPreview
  31. Q31During DNA replication Okazaki fragments are used to elongate a) The leading strand towards replication fork b) The lagging strand towards r…Preview
  32. Q32When two different genes came from same parent they tend to remain together. i) What is the name of this phenomenon? ii) Draw the cross with…Preview
  33. Q33If you cross dominant genotype PV/PV male Drosophila with double recessive female and obtain F1 hybrid. Now you cross F1 male with double re…Preview
  34. Q34A three-point test cross in a plant gave the following results. S.no 1: Gamete type ABC, Number of progenies 349 S.no 2: Gamete type Abc, Nu…Preview
  35. Q35What is the difference between missense and nonsense mutation?Preview
  36. Q36The diagram below shows a normal chromosome with genes in the order A B C D E F G H I, and a second chromosome with genes in the order A B B…Preview
  37. Q37Write the salient features of Sutton and Boveri concept.Preview
  38. Q38Explain the mechanism of crossing over.Preview
  39. Q39Write the steps involved in molecular mechanism of DNA recombination with diagram.Preview
  40. Q40How is Nicotiana exhibit self-incompatibility? Explain its mechanism.Preview
  41. Q41How is sex determined in monoecious plants? Write the genes involved in it.Preview
  42. Q42What is gene mapping? Write its uses.Preview
  43. Q43Draw the diagram of different types of aneuploidy.Preview
  44. Q44Mention the name of man-made cereal. How is it formed?Preview
  45. Q45What is DNA repair?Preview
  46. Q46What is replication fork?Preview
  47. Q47Write about the energetics of DNA replication.Preview
  48. Q48What is TATA box?Preview
  49. Q49What is alternative splicing?Preview
  50. Q50What is coding strand?Preview
  51. Q51What are the enzymes involved in DNA replication in eukaryotes?Preview
  52. Q52Differentiate coding and non-coding strand.Preview
  53. Q53What are spliceosomes?Preview
  54. Q54What is meant by capping and tailing?Preview
  55. Q55What is RNA editing?Preview
  56. Q56Explain the DNA replication in eukaryotes.Preview
  57. Q57With reference to a gene diagram showing a promoter region, exons, introns and a terminator signal, correctly match the following: Column I…Preview
  58. Q58What attributes make Arabidopsis a suitable model plant for molecular genetic research?Preview
  59. Q59Describe the molecular mechanism of RNA modification.Preview
  60. Q60Explain ribosomal translocation in protein synthesis.Preview
  61. Q61Describe transposons.Preview
  62. Q62Describe RNA editing in plants.Preview
3.1.4

Comparison Between Gene and Chromosome Behaviour

By the start of the twentieth century, cytologists had also established that the total chromosome number is constant across every cell of a given species (a diploid eukaryotic cell always carries two…

+Evaluation62 questions
  1. Q1An allohexaploidy contains a) Six different genomes b) Six copies of three different genomes c) Two copies of three different genomes d) Six…Free
  2. Q2The A and B genes are 10 cM apart on a chromosome. If an AB/ab heterozygote is testcrossed to ab/ab, how many of each progeny class would yo…Free
  3. Q3Match List I with List II. List I: A. A pair of chromosomes extra with diploid; B. One chromosome extra to the diploid; C. One chromosome lo…Free
  4. Q4Which of the following sentences are correct? 1. The offspring exhibit only parental combinations due to incomplete linkage 2. The linked ge…Preview
  5. Q5Accurate mapping of genes can be done by three point test cross because it increases a) Possibility of single cross over b) Possibility of d…Preview
  6. Q6Due to incomplete linkage in maize, the ratio of parental and recombinants are a) 50:50 b) 7:1:1:7 c) 96.4:3.6 d) 1:7:7:1Preview
  7. Q7Genes G S L H are located on same chromosome. The recombination percentage between L and G is 15%, S and L is 50%, H and S are 20%. The corr…Preview
  8. Q8The point mutation sequence for transition, transition, transversion and transversion in DNA are a) A to T, T to A, C to G and G to C b) A t…Preview
  9. Q9If haploid number in a cell is 18, the double monosomic and trisomic number will be a) 35 and 37 b) 34 and 35 c) 37 and 35 d) 17 and 19Preview
  10. Q10Changing the codon AGC to AGA represents a) missense mutation b) nonsense mutation c) frameshift mutation d) deletion mutationPreview
  11. Q11Assertion (A): Gamma rays are generally used to induce mutation in wheat varieties. Reason (R): Because they carry lower energy to non-ioniz…Preview
  12. Q12How many map units separate two alleles A and B if the recombination frequency is 0.09? a) 900 cM b) 90 cM c) 9 cM d) 0.9 cMPreview
  13. Q13Which one of the following pairs of codons is correctly matched with their function or the signal for the particular amino acid? a) UUA, UCA…Preview
  14. Q14Removal of introns and joining of exons in a defined order during transcription is called a) Splicing b) Looping c) Inducing d) SlicingPreview
  15. Q15If one strand of DNA has the nitrogenous base sequence as ATCTS, what would be the complementary RNA strand sequence? a) ATCGU b) TTAGU c) U…Preview
  16. Q16Removal of RNA polymerase III from nucleoplasm will affect the synthesis of a) rRNA b) tRNA c) hnRNA d) mRNAPreview
  17. Q17DNA dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes transcription on one strand of the DNA which is called the a) Alpha strand b) Anti strand c) Template…Preview
  18. Q18Which of the following correctly represents the flow of genetic information? a) DNA -> RNA -> Protein b) RNA -> DNA -> Protein c) RNA -> Pro…Preview
  19. Q19Initiation codon is a) UUU b) UGA c) AUG d) UAGPreview
  20. Q20A eukaryotic gene contains two kinds of base sequences. Which of these plays an important role in protein synthesis? a) Introns b) Exons c)…Preview
  21. Q21Codon - anticodon interactions occur by a) Covalent bond b) Electrostatic interactions c) Hydrogen bonds d) Hydrophobic interactionPreview
  22. Q22Which of the following RNA polymerases is responsible for the transcription of protein coding genes in eukaryotes? a) RNA Pol I b) RNA Pol I…Preview
  23. Q23How are RNA molecules transported out of the nucleus? a) Passive diffusion through the membrane b) Through membrane pores in an energy indep…Preview
  24. Q24During translation the codon in mRNA is actually 'read' by a) The A site in the ribosomes b) The P site in the ribosomes c) The anticodon in…Preview
  25. Q25A complex of ribosome attached to a single strand of RNA is known as a) Polysome b) Polymer c) Polypeptide d) Okazaki fragmentPreview
  26. Q26Which of the following is the start codon? a) AUG b) UGA c) UAA d) UAGPreview
  27. Q27What is true about tRNA? a) It binds with an amino acid at its 3' end b) It has 5 double stranded regions c) It has a codon at one end which…Preview
  28. Q28Which one of the following hydrolyses internal phosphodiester bonds in a polynucleotide chain? a) Lipase b) Exonuclease c) Endonuclease d) P…Preview
  29. Q29DNA element with ability to change position is called a) Cistron b) Transposon c) Intron d) ReconPreview
  30. Q30Spliceosomes are not found in cells of a) Plants b) Fungi c) Animals d) BacteriaPreview
  31. Q31During DNA replication Okazaki fragments are used to elongate a) The leading strand towards replication fork b) The lagging strand towards r…Preview
  32. Q32When two different genes came from same parent they tend to remain together. i) What is the name of this phenomenon? ii) Draw the cross with…Preview
  33. Q33If you cross dominant genotype PV/PV male Drosophila with double recessive female and obtain F1 hybrid. Now you cross F1 male with double re…Preview
  34. Q34A three-point test cross in a plant gave the following results. S.no 1: Gamete type ABC, Number of progenies 349 S.no 2: Gamete type Abc, Nu…Preview
  35. Q35What is the difference between missense and nonsense mutation?Preview
  36. Q36The diagram below shows a normal chromosome with genes in the order A B C D E F G H I, and a second chromosome with genes in the order A B B…Preview
  37. Q37Write the salient features of Sutton and Boveri concept.Preview
  38. Q38Explain the mechanism of crossing over.Preview
  39. Q39Write the steps involved in molecular mechanism of DNA recombination with diagram.Preview
  40. Q40How is Nicotiana exhibit self-incompatibility? Explain its mechanism.Preview
  41. Q41How is sex determined in monoecious plants? Write the genes involved in it.Preview
  42. Q42What is gene mapping? Write its uses.Preview
  43. Q43Draw the diagram of different types of aneuploidy.Preview
  44. Q44Mention the name of man-made cereal. How is it formed?Preview
  45. Q45What is DNA repair?Preview
  46. Q46What is replication fork?Preview
  47. Q47Write about the energetics of DNA replication.Preview
  48. Q48What is TATA box?Preview
  49. Q49What is alternative splicing?Preview
  50. Q50What is coding strand?Preview
  51. Q51What are the enzymes involved in DNA replication in eukaryotes?Preview
  52. Q52Differentiate coding and non-coding strand.Preview
  53. Q53What are spliceosomes?Preview
  54. Q54What is meant by capping and tailing?Preview
  55. Q55What is RNA editing?Preview
  56. Q56Explain the DNA replication in eukaryotes.Preview
  57. Q57With reference to a gene diagram showing a promoter region, exons, introns and a terminator signal, correctly match the following: Column I…Preview
  58. Q58What attributes make Arabidopsis a suitable model plant for molecular genetic research?Preview
  59. Q59Describe the molecular mechanism of RNA modification.Preview
  60. Q60Explain ribosomal translocation in protein synthesis.Preview
  61. Q61Describe transposons.Preview
  62. Q62Describe RNA editing in plants.Preview
3.2

Linkage

Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment works cleanly only when the two genes being followed sit on different chromosomes, because only then can they segregate into gametes independently of each other.…

+Evaluation62 questions
  1. Q1An allohexaploidy contains a) Six different genomes b) Six copies of three different genomes c) Two copies of three different genomes d) Six…Free
  2. Q2The A and B genes are 10 cM apart on a chromosome. If an AB/ab heterozygote is testcrossed to ab/ab, how many of each progeny class would yo…Free
  3. Q3Match List I with List II. List I: A. A pair of chromosomes extra with diploid; B. One chromosome extra to the diploid; C. One chromosome lo…Free
  4. Q4Which of the following sentences are correct? 1. The offspring exhibit only parental combinations due to incomplete linkage 2. The linked ge…Preview
  5. Q5Accurate mapping of genes can be done by three point test cross because it increases a) Possibility of single cross over b) Possibility of d…Preview
  6. Q6Due to incomplete linkage in maize, the ratio of parental and recombinants are a) 50:50 b) 7:1:1:7 c) 96.4:3.6 d) 1:7:7:1Preview
  7. Q7Genes G S L H are located on same chromosome. The recombination percentage between L and G is 15%, S and L is 50%, H and S are 20%. The corr…Preview
  8. Q8The point mutation sequence for transition, transition, transversion and transversion in DNA are a) A to T, T to A, C to G and G to C b) A t…Preview
  9. Q9If haploid number in a cell is 18, the double monosomic and trisomic number will be a) 35 and 37 b) 34 and 35 c) 37 and 35 d) 17 and 19Preview
  10. Q10Changing the codon AGC to AGA represents a) missense mutation b) nonsense mutation c) frameshift mutation d) deletion mutationPreview
  11. Q11Assertion (A): Gamma rays are generally used to induce mutation in wheat varieties. Reason (R): Because they carry lower energy to non-ioniz…Preview
  12. Q12How many map units separate two alleles A and B if the recombination frequency is 0.09? a) 900 cM b) 90 cM c) 9 cM d) 0.9 cMPreview
  13. Q13Which one of the following pairs of codons is correctly matched with their function or the signal for the particular amino acid? a) UUA, UCA…Preview
  14. Q14Removal of introns and joining of exons in a defined order during transcription is called a) Splicing b) Looping c) Inducing d) SlicingPreview
  15. Q15If one strand of DNA has the nitrogenous base sequence as ATCTS, what would be the complementary RNA strand sequence? a) ATCGU b) TTAGU c) U…Preview
  16. Q16Removal of RNA polymerase III from nucleoplasm will affect the synthesis of a) rRNA b) tRNA c) hnRNA d) mRNAPreview
  17. Q17DNA dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes transcription on one strand of the DNA which is called the a) Alpha strand b) Anti strand c) Template…Preview
  18. Q18Which of the following correctly represents the flow of genetic information? a) DNA -> RNA -> Protein b) RNA -> DNA -> Protein c) RNA -> Pro…Preview
  19. Q19Initiation codon is a) UUU b) UGA c) AUG d) UAGPreview
  20. Q20A eukaryotic gene contains two kinds of base sequences. Which of these plays an important role in protein synthesis? a) Introns b) Exons c)…Preview
  21. Q21Codon - anticodon interactions occur by a) Covalent bond b) Electrostatic interactions c) Hydrogen bonds d) Hydrophobic interactionPreview
  22. Q22Which of the following RNA polymerases is responsible for the transcription of protein coding genes in eukaryotes? a) RNA Pol I b) RNA Pol I…Preview
  23. Q23How are RNA molecules transported out of the nucleus? a) Passive diffusion through the membrane b) Through membrane pores in an energy indep…Preview
  24. Q24During translation the codon in mRNA is actually 'read' by a) The A site in the ribosomes b) The P site in the ribosomes c) The anticodon in…Preview
  25. Q25A complex of ribosome attached to a single strand of RNA is known as a) Polysome b) Polymer c) Polypeptide d) Okazaki fragmentPreview
  26. Q26Which of the following is the start codon? a) AUG b) UGA c) UAA d) UAGPreview
  27. Q27What is true about tRNA? a) It binds with an amino acid at its 3' end b) It has 5 double stranded regions c) It has a codon at one end which…Preview
  28. Q28Which one of the following hydrolyses internal phosphodiester bonds in a polynucleotide chain? a) Lipase b) Exonuclease c) Endonuclease d) P…Preview
  29. Q29DNA element with ability to change position is called a) Cistron b) Transposon c) Intron d) ReconPreview
  30. Q30Spliceosomes are not found in cells of a) Plants b) Fungi c) Animals d) BacteriaPreview
  31. Q31During DNA replication Okazaki fragments are used to elongate a) The leading strand towards replication fork b) The lagging strand towards r…Preview
  32. Q32When two different genes came from same parent they tend to remain together. i) What is the name of this phenomenon? ii) Draw the cross with…Preview
  33. Q33If you cross dominant genotype PV/PV male Drosophila with double recessive female and obtain F1 hybrid. Now you cross F1 male with double re…Preview
  34. Q34A three-point test cross in a plant gave the following results. S.no 1: Gamete type ABC, Number of progenies 349 S.no 2: Gamete type Abc, Nu…Preview
  35. Q35What is the difference between missense and nonsense mutation?Preview
  36. Q36The diagram below shows a normal chromosome with genes in the order A B C D E F G H I, and a second chromosome with genes in the order A B B…Preview
  37. Q37Write the salient features of Sutton and Boveri concept.Preview
  38. Q38Explain the mechanism of crossing over.Preview
  39. Q39Write the steps involved in molecular mechanism of DNA recombination with diagram.Preview
  40. Q40How is Nicotiana exhibit self-incompatibility? Explain its mechanism.Preview
  41. Q41How is sex determined in monoecious plants? Write the genes involved in it.Preview
  42. Q42What is gene mapping? Write its uses.Preview
  43. Q43Draw the diagram of different types of aneuploidy.Preview
  44. Q44Mention the name of man-made cereal. How is it formed?Preview
  45. Q45What is DNA repair?Preview
  46. Q46What is replication fork?Preview
  47. Q47Write about the energetics of DNA replication.Preview
  48. Q48What is TATA box?Preview
  49. Q49What is alternative splicing?Preview
  50. Q50What is coding strand?Preview
  51. Q51What are the enzymes involved in DNA replication in eukaryotes?Preview
  52. Q52Differentiate coding and non-coding strand.Preview
  53. Q53What are spliceosomes?Preview
  54. Q54What is meant by capping and tailing?Preview
  55. Q55What is RNA editing?Preview
  56. Q56Explain the DNA replication in eukaryotes.Preview
  57. Q57With reference to a gene diagram showing a promoter region, exons, introns and a terminator signal, correctly match the following: Column I…Preview
  58. Q58What attributes make Arabidopsis a suitable model plant for molecular genetic research?Preview
  59. Q59Describe the molecular mechanism of RNA modification.Preview
  60. Q60Explain ribosomal translocation in protein synthesis.Preview
  61. Q61Describe transposons.Preview
  62. Q62Describe RNA editing in plants.Preview
3.2.1

Coupling and Repulsion Theory

Once two genes are known to be linked, the next question is how their particular alleles are arranged on the two homologous chromosomes, because that arrangement, called the linkage phase, determines…

+Evaluation62 questions
  1. Q1An allohexaploidy contains a) Six different genomes b) Six copies of three different genomes c) Two copies of three different genomes d) Six…Free
  2. Q2The A and B genes are 10 cM apart on a chromosome. If an AB/ab heterozygote is testcrossed to ab/ab, how many of each progeny class would yo…Free
  3. Q3Match List I with List II. List I: A. A pair of chromosomes extra with diploid; B. One chromosome extra to the diploid; C. One chromosome lo…Free
  4. Q4Which of the following sentences are correct? 1. The offspring exhibit only parental combinations due to incomplete linkage 2. The linked ge…Preview
  5. Q5Accurate mapping of genes can be done by three point test cross because it increases a) Possibility of single cross over b) Possibility of d…Preview
  6. Q6Due to incomplete linkage in maize, the ratio of parental and recombinants are a) 50:50 b) 7:1:1:7 c) 96.4:3.6 d) 1:7:7:1Preview
  7. Q7Genes G S L H are located on same chromosome. The recombination percentage between L and G is 15%, S and L is 50%, H and S are 20%. The corr…Preview
  8. Q8The point mutation sequence for transition, transition, transversion and transversion in DNA are a) A to T, T to A, C to G and G to C b) A t…Preview
  9. Q9If haploid number in a cell is 18, the double monosomic and trisomic number will be a) 35 and 37 b) 34 and 35 c) 37 and 35 d) 17 and 19Preview
  10. Q10Changing the codon AGC to AGA represents a) missense mutation b) nonsense mutation c) frameshift mutation d) deletion mutationPreview
  11. Q11Assertion (A): Gamma rays are generally used to induce mutation in wheat varieties. Reason (R): Because they carry lower energy to non-ioniz…Preview
  12. Q12How many map units separate two alleles A and B if the recombination frequency is 0.09? a) 900 cM b) 90 cM c) 9 cM d) 0.9 cMPreview
  13. Q13Which one of the following pairs of codons is correctly matched with their function or the signal for the particular amino acid? a) UUA, UCA…Preview
  14. Q14Removal of introns and joining of exons in a defined order during transcription is called a) Splicing b) Looping c) Inducing d) SlicingPreview
  15. Q15If one strand of DNA has the nitrogenous base sequence as ATCTS, what would be the complementary RNA strand sequence? a) ATCGU b) TTAGU c) U…Preview
  16. Q16Removal of RNA polymerase III from nucleoplasm will affect the synthesis of a) rRNA b) tRNA c) hnRNA d) mRNAPreview
  17. Q17DNA dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes transcription on one strand of the DNA which is called the a) Alpha strand b) Anti strand c) Template…Preview
  18. Q18Which of the following correctly represents the flow of genetic information? a) DNA -> RNA -> Protein b) RNA -> DNA -> Protein c) RNA -> Pro…Preview
  19. Q19Initiation codon is a) UUU b) UGA c) AUG d) UAGPreview
  20. Q20A eukaryotic gene contains two kinds of base sequences. Which of these plays an important role in protein synthesis? a) Introns b) Exons c)…Preview
  21. Q21Codon - anticodon interactions occur by a) Covalent bond b) Electrostatic interactions c) Hydrogen bonds d) Hydrophobic interactionPreview
  22. Q22Which of the following RNA polymerases is responsible for the transcription of protein coding genes in eukaryotes? a) RNA Pol I b) RNA Pol I…Preview
  23. Q23How are RNA molecules transported out of the nucleus? a) Passive diffusion through the membrane b) Through membrane pores in an energy indep…Preview
  24. Q24During translation the codon in mRNA is actually 'read' by a) The A site in the ribosomes b) The P site in the ribosomes c) The anticodon in…Preview
  25. Q25A complex of ribosome attached to a single strand of RNA is known as a) Polysome b) Polymer c) Polypeptide d) Okazaki fragmentPreview
  26. Q26Which of the following is the start codon? a) AUG b) UGA c) UAA d) UAGPreview
  27. Q27What is true about tRNA? a) It binds with an amino acid at its 3' end b) It has 5 double stranded regions c) It has a codon at one end which…Preview
  28. Q28Which one of the following hydrolyses internal phosphodiester bonds in a polynucleotide chain? a) Lipase b) Exonuclease c) Endonuclease d) P…Preview
  29. Q29DNA element with ability to change position is called a) Cistron b) Transposon c) Intron d) ReconPreview
  30. Q30Spliceosomes are not found in cells of a) Plants b) Fungi c) Animals d) BacteriaPreview
  31. Q31During DNA replication Okazaki fragments are used to elongate a) The leading strand towards replication fork b) The lagging strand towards r…Preview
  32. Q32When two different genes came from same parent they tend to remain together. i) What is the name of this phenomenon? ii) Draw the cross with…Preview
  33. Q33If you cross dominant genotype PV/PV male Drosophila with double recessive female and obtain F1 hybrid. Now you cross F1 male with double re…Preview
  34. Q34A three-point test cross in a plant gave the following results. S.no 1: Gamete type ABC, Number of progenies 349 S.no 2: Gamete type Abc, Nu…Preview
  35. Q35What is the difference between missense and nonsense mutation?Preview
  36. Q36The diagram below shows a normal chromosome with genes in the order A B C D E F G H I, and a second chromosome with genes in the order A B B…Preview
  37. Q37Write the salient features of Sutton and Boveri concept.Preview
  38. Q38Explain the mechanism of crossing over.Preview
  39. Q39Write the steps involved in molecular mechanism of DNA recombination with diagram.Preview
  40. Q40How is Nicotiana exhibit self-incompatibility? Explain its mechanism.Preview
  41. Q41How is sex determined in monoecious plants? Write the genes involved in it.Preview
  42. Q42What is gene mapping? Write its uses.Preview
  43. Q43Draw the diagram of different types of aneuploidy.Preview
  44. Q44Mention the name of man-made cereal. How is it formed?Preview
  45. Q45What is DNA repair?Preview
  46. Q46What is replication fork?Preview
  47. Q47Write about the energetics of DNA replication.Preview
  48. Q48What is TATA box?Preview
  49. Q49What is alternative splicing?Preview
  50. Q50What is coding strand?Preview
  51. Q51What are the enzymes involved in DNA replication in eukaryotes?Preview
  52. Q52Differentiate coding and non-coding strand.Preview
  53. Q53What are spliceosomes?Preview
  54. Q54What is meant by capping and tailing?Preview
  55. Q55What is RNA editing?Preview
  56. Q56Explain the DNA replication in eukaryotes.Preview
  57. Q57With reference to a gene diagram showing a promoter region, exons, introns and a terminator signal, correctly match the following: Column I…Preview
  58. Q58What attributes make Arabidopsis a suitable model plant for molecular genetic research?Preview
  59. Q59Describe the molecular mechanism of RNA modification.Preview
  60. Q60Explain ribosomal translocation in protein synthesis.Preview
  61. Q61Describe transposons.Preview
  62. Q62Describe RNA editing in plants.Preview
3.2.2

Kinds of Linkage

T.H. Morgan recognised that linkage is not an all-or-nothing property; it comes in two distinguishable grades depending on whether crossing over ever separates the linked genes.

+Evaluation62 questions
  1. Q1An allohexaploidy contains a) Six different genomes b) Six copies of three different genomes c) Two copies of three different genomes d) Six…Free
  2. Q2The A and B genes are 10 cM apart on a chromosome. If an AB/ab heterozygote is testcrossed to ab/ab, how many of each progeny class would yo…Free
  3. Q3Match List I with List II. List I: A. A pair of chromosomes extra with diploid; B. One chromosome extra to the diploid; C. One chromosome lo…Free
  4. Q4Which of the following sentences are correct? 1. The offspring exhibit only parental combinations due to incomplete linkage 2. The linked ge…Preview
  5. Q5Accurate mapping of genes can be done by three point test cross because it increases a) Possibility of single cross over b) Possibility of d…Preview
  6. Q6Due to incomplete linkage in maize, the ratio of parental and recombinants are a) 50:50 b) 7:1:1:7 c) 96.4:3.6 d) 1:7:7:1Preview
  7. Q7Genes G S L H are located on same chromosome. The recombination percentage between L and G is 15%, S and L is 50%, H and S are 20%. The corr…Preview
  8. Q8The point mutation sequence for transition, transition, transversion and transversion in DNA are a) A to T, T to A, C to G and G to C b) A t…Preview
  9. Q9If haploid number in a cell is 18, the double monosomic and trisomic number will be a) 35 and 37 b) 34 and 35 c) 37 and 35 d) 17 and 19Preview
  10. Q10Changing the codon AGC to AGA represents a) missense mutation b) nonsense mutation c) frameshift mutation d) deletion mutationPreview
  11. Q11Assertion (A): Gamma rays are generally used to induce mutation in wheat varieties. Reason (R): Because they carry lower energy to non-ioniz…Preview
  12. Q12How many map units separate two alleles A and B if the recombination frequency is 0.09? a) 900 cM b) 90 cM c) 9 cM d) 0.9 cMPreview
  13. Q13Which one of the following pairs of codons is correctly matched with their function or the signal for the particular amino acid? a) UUA, UCA…Preview
  14. Q14Removal of introns and joining of exons in a defined order during transcription is called a) Splicing b) Looping c) Inducing d) SlicingPreview
  15. Q15If one strand of DNA has the nitrogenous base sequence as ATCTS, what would be the complementary RNA strand sequence? a) ATCGU b) TTAGU c) U…Preview
  16. Q16Removal of RNA polymerase III from nucleoplasm will affect the synthesis of a) rRNA b) tRNA c) hnRNA d) mRNAPreview
  17. Q17DNA dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes transcription on one strand of the DNA which is called the a) Alpha strand b) Anti strand c) Template…Preview
  18. Q18Which of the following correctly represents the flow of genetic information? a) DNA -> RNA -> Protein b) RNA -> DNA -> Protein c) RNA -> Pro…Preview
  19. Q19Initiation codon is a) UUU b) UGA c) AUG d) UAGPreview
  20. Q20A eukaryotic gene contains two kinds of base sequences. Which of these plays an important role in protein synthesis? a) Introns b) Exons c)…Preview
  21. Q21Codon - anticodon interactions occur by a) Covalent bond b) Electrostatic interactions c) Hydrogen bonds d) Hydrophobic interactionPreview
  22. Q22Which of the following RNA polymerases is responsible for the transcription of protein coding genes in eukaryotes? a) RNA Pol I b) RNA Pol I…Preview
  23. Q23How are RNA molecules transported out of the nucleus? a) Passive diffusion through the membrane b) Through membrane pores in an energy indep…Preview
  24. Q24During translation the codon in mRNA is actually 'read' by a) The A site in the ribosomes b) The P site in the ribosomes c) The anticodon in…Preview
  25. Q25A complex of ribosome attached to a single strand of RNA is known as a) Polysome b) Polymer c) Polypeptide d) Okazaki fragmentPreview
  26. Q26Which of the following is the start codon? a) AUG b) UGA c) UAA d) UAGPreview
  27. Q27What is true about tRNA? a) It binds with an amino acid at its 3' end b) It has 5 double stranded regions c) It has a codon at one end which…Preview
  28. Q28Which one of the following hydrolyses internal phosphodiester bonds in a polynucleotide chain? a) Lipase b) Exonuclease c) Endonuclease d) P…Preview
  29. Q29DNA element with ability to change position is called a) Cistron b) Transposon c) Intron d) ReconPreview
  30. Q30Spliceosomes are not found in cells of a) Plants b) Fungi c) Animals d) BacteriaPreview
  31. Q31During DNA replication Okazaki fragments are used to elongate a) The leading strand towards replication fork b) The lagging strand towards r…Preview
  32. Q32When two different genes came from same parent they tend to remain together. i) What is the name of this phenomenon? ii) Draw the cross with…Preview
  33. Q33If you cross dominant genotype PV/PV male Drosophila with double recessive female and obtain F1 hybrid. Now you cross F1 male with double re…Preview
  34. Q34A three-point test cross in a plant gave the following results. S.no 1: Gamete type ABC, Number of progenies 349 S.no 2: Gamete type Abc, Nu…Preview
  35. Q35What is the difference between missense and nonsense mutation?Preview
  36. Q36The diagram below shows a normal chromosome with genes in the order A B C D E F G H I, and a second chromosome with genes in the order A B B…Preview
  37. Q37Write the salient features of Sutton and Boveri concept.Preview
  38. Q38Explain the mechanism of crossing over.Preview
  39. Q39Write the steps involved in molecular mechanism of DNA recombination with diagram.Preview
  40. Q40How is Nicotiana exhibit self-incompatibility? Explain its mechanism.Preview
  41. Q41How is sex determined in monoecious plants? Write the genes involved in it.Preview
  42. Q42What is gene mapping? Write its uses.Preview
  43. Q43Draw the diagram of different types of aneuploidy.Preview
  44. Q44Mention the name of man-made cereal. How is it formed?Preview
  45. Q45What is DNA repair?Preview
  46. Q46What is replication fork?Preview
  47. Q47Write about the energetics of DNA replication.Preview
  48. Q48What is TATA box?Preview
  49. Q49What is alternative splicing?Preview
  50. Q50What is coding strand?Preview
  51. Q51What are the enzymes involved in DNA replication in eukaryotes?Preview
  52. Q52Differentiate coding and non-coding strand.Preview
  53. Q53What are spliceosomes?Preview
  54. Q54What is meant by capping and tailing?Preview
  55. Q55What is RNA editing?Preview
  56. Q56Explain the DNA replication in eukaryotes.Preview
  57. Q57With reference to a gene diagram showing a promoter region, exons, introns and a terminator signal, correctly match the following: Column I…Preview
  58. Q58What attributes make Arabidopsis a suitable model plant for molecular genetic research?Preview
  59. Q59Describe the molecular mechanism of RNA modification.Preview
  60. Q60Explain ribosomal translocation in protein synthesis.Preview
  61. Q61Describe transposons.Preview
  62. Q62Describe RNA editing in plants.Preview
3.2.3

Linkage Groups

Every gene physically present on a given chromosome forms part of a single group of genes that are inherited together as a unit, unless separated by crossing over; this group is called a linkage group…

+Evaluation62 questions
  1. Q1An allohexaploidy contains a) Six different genomes b) Six copies of three different genomes c) Two copies of three different genomes d) Six…Free
  2. Q2The A and B genes are 10 cM apart on a chromosome. If an AB/ab heterozygote is testcrossed to ab/ab, how many of each progeny class would yo…Free
  3. Q3Match List I with List II. List I: A. A pair of chromosomes extra with diploid; B. One chromosome extra to the diploid; C. One chromosome lo…Free
  4. Q4Which of the following sentences are correct? 1. The offspring exhibit only parental combinations due to incomplete linkage 2. The linked ge…Preview
  5. Q5Accurate mapping of genes can be done by three point test cross because it increases a) Possibility of single cross over b) Possibility of d…Preview
  6. Q6Due to incomplete linkage in maize, the ratio of parental and recombinants are a) 50:50 b) 7:1:1:7 c) 96.4:3.6 d) 1:7:7:1Preview
  7. Q7Genes G S L H are located on same chromosome. The recombination percentage between L and G is 15%, S and L is 50%, H and S are 20%. The corr…Preview
  8. Q8The point mutation sequence for transition, transition, transversion and transversion in DNA are a) A to T, T to A, C to G and G to C b) A t…Preview
  9. Q9If haploid number in a cell is 18, the double monosomic and trisomic number will be a) 35 and 37 b) 34 and 35 c) 37 and 35 d) 17 and 19Preview
  10. Q10Changing the codon AGC to AGA represents a) missense mutation b) nonsense mutation c) frameshift mutation d) deletion mutationPreview
  11. Q11Assertion (A): Gamma rays are generally used to induce mutation in wheat varieties. Reason (R): Because they carry lower energy to non-ioniz…Preview
  12. Q12How many map units separate two alleles A and B if the recombination frequency is 0.09? a) 900 cM b) 90 cM c) 9 cM d) 0.9 cMPreview
  13. Q13Which one of the following pairs of codons is correctly matched with their function or the signal for the particular amino acid? a) UUA, UCA…Preview
  14. Q14Removal of introns and joining of exons in a defined order during transcription is called a) Splicing b) Looping c) Inducing d) SlicingPreview
  15. Q15If one strand of DNA has the nitrogenous base sequence as ATCTS, what would be the complementary RNA strand sequence? a) ATCGU b) TTAGU c) U…Preview
  16. Q16Removal of RNA polymerase III from nucleoplasm will affect the synthesis of a) rRNA b) tRNA c) hnRNA d) mRNAPreview
  17. Q17DNA dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes transcription on one strand of the DNA which is called the a) Alpha strand b) Anti strand c) Template…Preview
  18. Q18Which of the following correctly represents the flow of genetic information? a) DNA -> RNA -> Protein b) RNA -> DNA -> Protein c) RNA -> Pro…Preview
  19. Q19Initiation codon is a) UUU b) UGA c) AUG d) UAGPreview
  20. Q20A eukaryotic gene contains two kinds of base sequences. Which of these plays an important role in protein synthesis? a) Introns b) Exons c)…Preview
  21. Q21Codon - anticodon interactions occur by a) Covalent bond b) Electrostatic interactions c) Hydrogen bonds d) Hydrophobic interactionPreview
  22. Q22Which of the following RNA polymerases is responsible for the transcription of protein coding genes in eukaryotes? a) RNA Pol I b) RNA Pol I…Preview
  23. Q23How are RNA molecules transported out of the nucleus? a) Passive diffusion through the membrane b) Through membrane pores in an energy indep…Preview
  24. Q24During translation the codon in mRNA is actually 'read' by a) The A site in the ribosomes b) The P site in the ribosomes c) The anticodon in…Preview
  25. Q25A complex of ribosome attached to a single strand of RNA is known as a) Polysome b) Polymer c) Polypeptide d) Okazaki fragmentPreview
  26. Q26Which of the following is the start codon? a) AUG b) UGA c) UAA d) UAGPreview
  27. Q27What is true about tRNA? a) It binds with an amino acid at its 3' end b) It has 5 double stranded regions c) It has a codon at one end which…Preview
  28. Q28Which one of the following hydrolyses internal phosphodiester bonds in a polynucleotide chain? a) Lipase b) Exonuclease c) Endonuclease d) P…Preview
  29. Q29DNA element with ability to change position is called a) Cistron b) Transposon c) Intron d) ReconPreview
  30. Q30Spliceosomes are not found in cells of a) Plants b) Fungi c) Animals d) BacteriaPreview
  31. Q31During DNA replication Okazaki fragments are used to elongate a) The leading strand towards replication fork b) The lagging strand towards r…Preview
  32. Q32When two different genes came from same parent they tend to remain together. i) What is the name of this phenomenon? ii) Draw the cross with…Preview
  33. Q33If you cross dominant genotype PV/PV male Drosophila with double recessive female and obtain F1 hybrid. Now you cross F1 male with double re…Preview
  34. Q34A three-point test cross in a plant gave the following results. S.no 1: Gamete type ABC, Number of progenies 349 S.no 2: Gamete type Abc, Nu…Preview
  35. Q35What is the difference between missense and nonsense mutation?Preview
  36. Q36The diagram below shows a normal chromosome with genes in the order A B C D E F G H I, and a second chromosome with genes in the order A B B…Preview
  37. Q37Write the salient features of Sutton and Boveri concept.Preview
  38. Q38Explain the mechanism of crossing over.Preview
  39. Q39Write the steps involved in molecular mechanism of DNA recombination with diagram.Preview
  40. Q40How is Nicotiana exhibit self-incompatibility? Explain its mechanism.Preview
  41. Q41How is sex determined in monoecious plants? Write the genes involved in it.Preview
  42. Q42What is gene mapping? Write its uses.Preview
  43. Q43Draw the diagram of different types of aneuploidy.Preview
  44. Q44Mention the name of man-made cereal. How is it formed?Preview
  45. Q45What is DNA repair?Preview
  46. Q46What is replication fork?Preview
  47. Q47Write about the energetics of DNA replication.Preview
  48. Q48What is TATA box?Preview
  49. Q49What is alternative splicing?Preview
  50. Q50What is coding strand?Preview
  51. Q51What are the enzymes involved in DNA replication in eukaryotes?Preview
  52. Q52Differentiate coding and non-coding strand.Preview
  53. Q53What are spliceosomes?Preview
  54. Q54What is meant by capping and tailing?Preview
  55. Q55What is RNA editing?Preview
  56. Q56Explain the DNA replication in eukaryotes.Preview
  57. Q57With reference to a gene diagram showing a promoter region, exons, introns and a terminator signal, correctly match the following: Column I…Preview
  58. Q58What attributes make Arabidopsis a suitable model plant for molecular genetic research?Preview
  59. Q59Describe the molecular mechanism of RNA modification.Preview
  60. Q60Explain ribosomal translocation in protein synthesis.Preview
  61. Q61Describe transposons.Preview
  62. Q62Describe RNA editing in plants.Preview
3.3

Crossing Over

Crossing over is the biological process by which corresponding segments of DNA are physically exchanged between the two non-sister chromatids of a pair of homologous chromosomes, generating new combin…

+Evaluation62 questions
  1. Q1An allohexaploidy contains a) Six different genomes b) Six copies of three different genomes c) Two copies of three different genomes d) Six…Free
  2. Q2The A and B genes are 10 cM apart on a chromosome. If an AB/ab heterozygote is testcrossed to ab/ab, how many of each progeny class would yo…Free
  3. Q3Match List I with List II. List I: A. A pair of chromosomes extra with diploid; B. One chromosome extra to the diploid; C. One chromosome lo…Free
  4. Q4Which of the following sentences are correct? 1. The offspring exhibit only parental combinations due to incomplete linkage 2. The linked ge…Preview
  5. Q5Accurate mapping of genes can be done by three point test cross because it increases a) Possibility of single cross over b) Possibility of d…Preview
  6. Q6Due to incomplete linkage in maize, the ratio of parental and recombinants are a) 50:50 b) 7:1:1:7 c) 96.4:3.6 d) 1:7:7:1Preview
  7. Q7Genes G S L H are located on same chromosome. The recombination percentage between L and G is 15%, S and L is 50%, H and S are 20%. The corr…Preview
  8. Q8The point mutation sequence for transition, transition, transversion and transversion in DNA are a) A to T, T to A, C to G and G to C b) A t…Preview
  9. Q9If haploid number in a cell is 18, the double monosomic and trisomic number will be a) 35 and 37 b) 34 and 35 c) 37 and 35 d) 17 and 19Preview
  10. Q10Changing the codon AGC to AGA represents a) missense mutation b) nonsense mutation c) frameshift mutation d) deletion mutationPreview
  11. Q11Assertion (A): Gamma rays are generally used to induce mutation in wheat varieties. Reason (R): Because they carry lower energy to non-ioniz…Preview
  12. Q12How many map units separate two alleles A and B if the recombination frequency is 0.09? a) 900 cM b) 90 cM c) 9 cM d) 0.9 cMPreview
  13. Q13Which one of the following pairs of codons is correctly matched with their function or the signal for the particular amino acid? a) UUA, UCA…Preview
  14. Q14Removal of introns and joining of exons in a defined order during transcription is called a) Splicing b) Looping c) Inducing d) SlicingPreview
  15. Q15If one strand of DNA has the nitrogenous base sequence as ATCTS, what would be the complementary RNA strand sequence? a) ATCGU b) TTAGU c) U…Preview
  16. Q16Removal of RNA polymerase III from nucleoplasm will affect the synthesis of a) rRNA b) tRNA c) hnRNA d) mRNAPreview
  17. Q17DNA dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes transcription on one strand of the DNA which is called the a) Alpha strand b) Anti strand c) Template…Preview
  18. Q18Which of the following correctly represents the flow of genetic information? a) DNA -> RNA -> Protein b) RNA -> DNA -> Protein c) RNA -> Pro…Preview
  19. Q19Initiation codon is a) UUU b) UGA c) AUG d) UAGPreview
  20. Q20A eukaryotic gene contains two kinds of base sequences. Which of these plays an important role in protein synthesis? a) Introns b) Exons c)…Preview
  21. Q21Codon - anticodon interactions occur by a) Covalent bond b) Electrostatic interactions c) Hydrogen bonds d) Hydrophobic interactionPreview
  22. Q22Which of the following RNA polymerases is responsible for the transcription of protein coding genes in eukaryotes? a) RNA Pol I b) RNA Pol I…Preview
  23. Q23How are RNA molecules transported out of the nucleus? a) Passive diffusion through the membrane b) Through membrane pores in an energy indep…Preview
  24. Q24During translation the codon in mRNA is actually 'read' by a) The A site in the ribosomes b) The P site in the ribosomes c) The anticodon in…Preview
  25. Q25A complex of ribosome attached to a single strand of RNA is known as a) Polysome b) Polymer c) Polypeptide d) Okazaki fragmentPreview
  26. Q26Which of the following is the start codon? a) AUG b) UGA c) UAA d) UAGPreview
  27. Q27What is true about tRNA? a) It binds with an amino acid at its 3' end b) It has 5 double stranded regions c) It has a codon at one end which…Preview
  28. Q28Which one of the following hydrolyses internal phosphodiester bonds in a polynucleotide chain? a) Lipase b) Exonuclease c) Endonuclease d) P…Preview
  29. Q29DNA element with ability to change position is called a) Cistron b) Transposon c) Intron d) ReconPreview
  30. Q30Spliceosomes are not found in cells of a) Plants b) Fungi c) Animals d) BacteriaPreview
  31. Q31During DNA replication Okazaki fragments are used to elongate a) The leading strand towards replication fork b) The lagging strand towards r…Preview
  32. Q32When two different genes came from same parent they tend to remain together. i) What is the name of this phenomenon? ii) Draw the cross with…Preview
  33. Q33If you cross dominant genotype PV/PV male Drosophila with double recessive female and obtain F1 hybrid. Now you cross F1 male with double re…Preview
  34. Q34A three-point test cross in a plant gave the following results. S.no 1: Gamete type ABC, Number of progenies 349 S.no 2: Gamete type Abc, Nu…Preview
  35. Q35What is the difference between missense and nonsense mutation?Preview
  36. Q36The diagram below shows a normal chromosome with genes in the order A B C D E F G H I, and a second chromosome with genes in the order A B B…Preview
  37. Q37Write the salient features of Sutton and Boveri concept.Preview
  38. Q38Explain the mechanism of crossing over.Preview
  39. Q39Write the steps involved in molecular mechanism of DNA recombination with diagram.Preview
  40. Q40How is Nicotiana exhibit self-incompatibility? Explain its mechanism.Preview
  41. Q41How is sex determined in monoecious plants? Write the genes involved in it.Preview
  42. Q42What is gene mapping? Write its uses.Preview
  43. Q43Draw the diagram of different types of aneuploidy.Preview
  44. Q44Mention the name of man-made cereal. How is it formed?Preview
  45. Q45What is DNA repair?Preview
  46. Q46What is replication fork?Preview
  47. Q47Write about the energetics of DNA replication.Preview
  48. Q48What is TATA box?Preview
  49. Q49What is alternative splicing?Preview
  50. Q50What is coding strand?Preview
  51. Q51What are the enzymes involved in DNA replication in eukaryotes?Preview
  52. Q52Differentiate coding and non-coding strand.Preview
  53. Q53What are spliceosomes?Preview
  54. Q54What is meant by capping and tailing?Preview
  55. Q55What is RNA editing?Preview
  56. Q56Explain the DNA replication in eukaryotes.Preview
  57. Q57With reference to a gene diagram showing a promoter region, exons, introns and a terminator signal, correctly match the following: Column I…Preview
  58. Q58What attributes make Arabidopsis a suitable model plant for molecular genetic research?Preview
  59. Q59Describe the molecular mechanism of RNA modification.Preview
  60. Q60Explain ribosomal translocation in protein synthesis.Preview
  61. Q61Describe transposons.Preview
  62. Q62Describe RNA editing in plants.Preview
3.3.1

Mechanism of Crossing Over

Crossing over unfolds through four sequential, microscopically recognisable stages within prophase I of meiosis.

+Evaluation62 questions
  1. Q1An allohexaploidy contains a) Six different genomes b) Six copies of three different genomes c) Two copies of three different genomes d) Six…Free
  2. Q2The A and B genes are 10 cM apart on a chromosome. If an AB/ab heterozygote is testcrossed to ab/ab, how many of each progeny class would yo…Free
  3. Q3Match List I with List II. List I: A. A pair of chromosomes extra with diploid; B. One chromosome extra to the diploid; C. One chromosome lo…Free
  4. Q4Which of the following sentences are correct? 1. The offspring exhibit only parental combinations due to incomplete linkage 2. The linked ge…Preview
  5. Q5Accurate mapping of genes can be done by three point test cross because it increases a) Possibility of single cross over b) Possibility of d…Preview
  6. Q6Due to incomplete linkage in maize, the ratio of parental and recombinants are a) 50:50 b) 7:1:1:7 c) 96.4:3.6 d) 1:7:7:1Preview
  7. Q7Genes G S L H are located on same chromosome. The recombination percentage between L and G is 15%, S and L is 50%, H and S are 20%. The corr…Preview
  8. Q8The point mutation sequence for transition, transition, transversion and transversion in DNA are a) A to T, T to A, C to G and G to C b) A t…Preview
  9. Q9If haploid number in a cell is 18, the double monosomic and trisomic number will be a) 35 and 37 b) 34 and 35 c) 37 and 35 d) 17 and 19Preview
  10. Q10Changing the codon AGC to AGA represents a) missense mutation b) nonsense mutation c) frameshift mutation d) deletion mutationPreview
  11. Q11Assertion (A): Gamma rays are generally used to induce mutation in wheat varieties. Reason (R): Because they carry lower energy to non-ioniz…Preview
  12. Q12How many map units separate two alleles A and B if the recombination frequency is 0.09? a) 900 cM b) 90 cM c) 9 cM d) 0.9 cMPreview
  13. Q13Which one of the following pairs of codons is correctly matched with their function or the signal for the particular amino acid? a) UUA, UCA…Preview
  14. Q14Removal of introns and joining of exons in a defined order during transcription is called a) Splicing b) Looping c) Inducing d) SlicingPreview
  15. Q15If one strand of DNA has the nitrogenous base sequence as ATCTS, what would be the complementary RNA strand sequence? a) ATCGU b) TTAGU c) U…Preview
  16. Q16Removal of RNA polymerase III from nucleoplasm will affect the synthesis of a) rRNA b) tRNA c) hnRNA d) mRNAPreview
  17. Q17DNA dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes transcription on one strand of the DNA which is called the a) Alpha strand b) Anti strand c) Template…Preview
  18. Q18Which of the following correctly represents the flow of genetic information? a) DNA -> RNA -> Protein b) RNA -> DNA -> Protein c) RNA -> Pro…Preview
  19. Q19Initiation codon is a) UUU b) UGA c) AUG d) UAGPreview
  20. Q20A eukaryotic gene contains two kinds of base sequences. Which of these plays an important role in protein synthesis? a) Introns b) Exons c)…Preview
  21. Q21Codon - anticodon interactions occur by a) Covalent bond b) Electrostatic interactions c) Hydrogen bonds d) Hydrophobic interactionPreview
  22. Q22Which of the following RNA polymerases is responsible for the transcription of protein coding genes in eukaryotes? a) RNA Pol I b) RNA Pol I…Preview
  23. Q23How are RNA molecules transported out of the nucleus? a) Passive diffusion through the membrane b) Through membrane pores in an energy indep…Preview
  24. Q24During translation the codon in mRNA is actually 'read' by a) The A site in the ribosomes b) The P site in the ribosomes c) The anticodon in…Preview
  25. Q25A complex of ribosome attached to a single strand of RNA is known as a) Polysome b) Polymer c) Polypeptide d) Okazaki fragmentPreview
  26. Q26Which of the following is the start codon? a) AUG b) UGA c) UAA d) UAGPreview
  27. Q27What is true about tRNA? a) It binds with an amino acid at its 3' end b) It has 5 double stranded regions c) It has a codon at one end which…Preview
  28. Q28Which one of the following hydrolyses internal phosphodiester bonds in a polynucleotide chain? a) Lipase b) Exonuclease c) Endonuclease d) P…Preview
  29. Q29DNA element with ability to change position is called a) Cistron b) Transposon c) Intron d) ReconPreview
  30. Q30Spliceosomes are not found in cells of a) Plants b) Fungi c) Animals d) BacteriaPreview
  31. Q31During DNA replication Okazaki fragments are used to elongate a) The leading strand towards replication fork b) The lagging strand towards r…Preview
  32. Q32When two different genes came from same parent they tend to remain together. i) What is the name of this phenomenon? ii) Draw the cross with…Preview
  33. Q33If you cross dominant genotype PV/PV male Drosophila with double recessive female and obtain F1 hybrid. Now you cross F1 male with double re…Preview
  34. Q34A three-point test cross in a plant gave the following results. S.no 1: Gamete type ABC, Number of progenies 349 S.no 2: Gamete type Abc, Nu…Preview
  35. Q35What is the difference between missense and nonsense mutation?Preview
  36. Q36The diagram below shows a normal chromosome with genes in the order A B C D E F G H I, and a second chromosome with genes in the order A B B…Preview
  37. Q37Write the salient features of Sutton and Boveri concept.Preview
  38. Q38Explain the mechanism of crossing over.Preview
  39. Q39Write the steps involved in molecular mechanism of DNA recombination with diagram.Preview
  40. Q40How is Nicotiana exhibit self-incompatibility? Explain its mechanism.Preview
  41. Q41How is sex determined in monoecious plants? Write the genes involved in it.Preview
  42. Q42What is gene mapping? Write its uses.Preview
  43. Q43Draw the diagram of different types of aneuploidy.Preview
  44. Q44Mention the name of man-made cereal. How is it formed?Preview
  45. Q45What is DNA repair?Preview
  46. Q46What is replication fork?Preview
  47. Q47Write about the energetics of DNA replication.Preview
  48. Q48What is TATA box?Preview
  49. Q49What is alternative splicing?Preview
  50. Q50What is coding strand?Preview
  51. Q51What are the enzymes involved in DNA replication in eukaryotes?Preview
  52. Q52Differentiate coding and non-coding strand.Preview
  53. Q53What are spliceosomes?Preview
  54. Q54What is meant by capping and tailing?Preview
  55. Q55What is RNA editing?Preview
  56. Q56Explain the DNA replication in eukaryotes.Preview
  57. Q57With reference to a gene diagram showing a promoter region, exons, introns and a terminator signal, correctly match the following: Column I…Preview
  58. Q58What attributes make Arabidopsis a suitable model plant for molecular genetic research?Preview
  59. Q59Describe the molecular mechanism of RNA modification.Preview
  60. Q60Explain ribosomal translocation in protein synthesis.Preview
  61. Q61Describe transposons.Preview
  62. Q62Describe RNA editing in plants.Preview
3.3.2

Types of Crossing Over

Crossing over is classified by how many chiasmata form within a single tetrad, and consequently by how many of its four chromatids actually participate in an exchange.

+Evaluation62 questions
  1. Q1An allohexaploidy contains a) Six different genomes b) Six copies of three different genomes c) Two copies of three different genomes d) Six…Free
  2. Q2The A and B genes are 10 cM apart on a chromosome. If an AB/ab heterozygote is testcrossed to ab/ab, how many of each progeny class would yo…Free
  3. Q3Match List I with List II. List I: A. A pair of chromosomes extra with diploid; B. One chromosome extra to the diploid; C. One chromosome lo…Free
  4. Q4Which of the following sentences are correct? 1. The offspring exhibit only parental combinations due to incomplete linkage 2. The linked ge…Preview
  5. Q5Accurate mapping of genes can be done by three point test cross because it increases a) Possibility of single cross over b) Possibility of d…Preview
  6. Q6Due to incomplete linkage in maize, the ratio of parental and recombinants are a) 50:50 b) 7:1:1:7 c) 96.4:3.6 d) 1:7:7:1Preview
  7. Q7Genes G S L H are located on same chromosome. The recombination percentage between L and G is 15%, S and L is 50%, H and S are 20%. The corr…Preview
  8. Q8The point mutation sequence for transition, transition, transversion and transversion in DNA are a) A to T, T to A, C to G and G to C b) A t…Preview
  9. Q9If haploid number in a cell is 18, the double monosomic and trisomic number will be a) 35 and 37 b) 34 and 35 c) 37 and 35 d) 17 and 19Preview
  10. Q10Changing the codon AGC to AGA represents a) missense mutation b) nonsense mutation c) frameshift mutation d) deletion mutationPreview
  11. Q11Assertion (A): Gamma rays are generally used to induce mutation in wheat varieties. Reason (R): Because they carry lower energy to non-ioniz…Preview
  12. Q12How many map units separate two alleles A and B if the recombination frequency is 0.09? a) 900 cM b) 90 cM c) 9 cM d) 0.9 cMPreview
  13. Q13Which one of the following pairs of codons is correctly matched with their function or the signal for the particular amino acid? a) UUA, UCA…Preview
  14. Q14Removal of introns and joining of exons in a defined order during transcription is called a) Splicing b) Looping c) Inducing d) SlicingPreview
  15. Q15If one strand of DNA has the nitrogenous base sequence as ATCTS, what would be the complementary RNA strand sequence? a) ATCGU b) TTAGU c) U…Preview
  16. Q16Removal of RNA polymerase III from nucleoplasm will affect the synthesis of a) rRNA b) tRNA c) hnRNA d) mRNAPreview
  17. Q17DNA dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes transcription on one strand of the DNA which is called the a) Alpha strand b) Anti strand c) Template…Preview
  18. Q18Which of the following correctly represents the flow of genetic information? a) DNA -> RNA -> Protein b) RNA -> DNA -> Protein c) RNA -> Pro…Preview
  19. Q19Initiation codon is a) UUU b) UGA c) AUG d) UAGPreview
  20. Q20A eukaryotic gene contains two kinds of base sequences. Which of these plays an important role in protein synthesis? a) Introns b) Exons c)…Preview
  21. Q21Codon - anticodon interactions occur by a) Covalent bond b) Electrostatic interactions c) Hydrogen bonds d) Hydrophobic interactionPreview
  22. Q22Which of the following RNA polymerases is responsible for the transcription of protein coding genes in eukaryotes? a) RNA Pol I b) RNA Pol I…Preview
  23. Q23How are RNA molecules transported out of the nucleus? a) Passive diffusion through the membrane b) Through membrane pores in an energy indep…Preview
  24. Q24During translation the codon in mRNA is actually 'read' by a) The A site in the ribosomes b) The P site in the ribosomes c) The anticodon in…Preview
  25. Q25A complex of ribosome attached to a single strand of RNA is known as a) Polysome b) Polymer c) Polypeptide d) Okazaki fragmentPreview
  26. Q26Which of the following is the start codon? a) AUG b) UGA c) UAA d) UAGPreview
  27. Q27What is true about tRNA? a) It binds with an amino acid at its 3' end b) It has 5 double stranded regions c) It has a codon at one end which…Preview
  28. Q28Which one of the following hydrolyses internal phosphodiester bonds in a polynucleotide chain? a) Lipase b) Exonuclease c) Endonuclease d) P…Preview
  29. Q29DNA element with ability to change position is called a) Cistron b) Transposon c) Intron d) ReconPreview
  30. Q30Spliceosomes are not found in cells of a) Plants b) Fungi c) Animals d) BacteriaPreview
  31. Q31During DNA replication Okazaki fragments are used to elongate a) The leading strand towards replication fork b) The lagging strand towards r…Preview
  32. Q32When two different genes came from same parent they tend to remain together. i) What is the name of this phenomenon? ii) Draw the cross with…Preview
  33. Q33If you cross dominant genotype PV/PV male Drosophila with double recessive female and obtain F1 hybrid. Now you cross F1 male with double re…Preview
  34. Q34A three-point test cross in a plant gave the following results. S.no 1: Gamete type ABC, Number of progenies 349 S.no 2: Gamete type Abc, Nu…Preview
  35. Q35What is the difference between missense and nonsense mutation?Preview
  36. Q36The diagram below shows a normal chromosome with genes in the order A B C D E F G H I, and a second chromosome with genes in the order A B B…Preview
  37. Q37Write the salient features of Sutton and Boveri concept.Preview
  38. Q38Explain the mechanism of crossing over.Preview
  39. Q39Write the steps involved in molecular mechanism of DNA recombination with diagram.Preview
  40. Q40How is Nicotiana exhibit self-incompatibility? Explain its mechanism.Preview
  41. Q41How is sex determined in monoecious plants? Write the genes involved in it.Preview
  42. Q42What is gene mapping? Write its uses.Preview
  43. Q43Draw the diagram of different types of aneuploidy.Preview
  44. Q44Mention the name of man-made cereal. How is it formed?Preview
  45. Q45What is DNA repair?Preview
  46. Q46What is replication fork?Preview
  47. Q47Write about the energetics of DNA replication.Preview
  48. Q48What is TATA box?Preview
  49. Q49What is alternative splicing?Preview
  50. Q50What is coding strand?Preview
  51. Q51What are the enzymes involved in DNA replication in eukaryotes?Preview
  52. Q52Differentiate coding and non-coding strand.Preview
  53. Q53What are spliceosomes?Preview
  54. Q54What is meant by capping and tailing?Preview
  55. Q55What is RNA editing?Preview
  56. Q56Explain the DNA replication in eukaryotes.Preview
  57. Q57With reference to a gene diagram showing a promoter region, exons, introns and a terminator signal, correctly match the following: Column I…Preview
  58. Q58What attributes make Arabidopsis a suitable model plant for molecular genetic research?Preview
  59. Q59Describe the molecular mechanism of RNA modification.Preview
  60. Q60Explain ribosomal translocation in protein synthesis.Preview
  61. Q61Describe transposons.Preview
  62. Q62Describe RNA editing in plants.Preview
3.3.3

Importance of Crossing Over

Crossing over is not a minor genetic curiosity; it has real practical and evolutionary weight precisely because it occurs, in some form, in essentially every group of organisms studied, from bacteria…

+Evaluation62 questions
  1. Q1An allohexaploidy contains a) Six different genomes b) Six copies of three different genomes c) Two copies of three different genomes d) Six…Free
  2. Q2The A and B genes are 10 cM apart on a chromosome. If an AB/ab heterozygote is testcrossed to ab/ab, how many of each progeny class would yo…Free
  3. Q3Match List I with List II. List I: A. A pair of chromosomes extra with diploid; B. One chromosome extra to the diploid; C. One chromosome lo…Free
  4. Q4Which of the following sentences are correct? 1. The offspring exhibit only parental combinations due to incomplete linkage 2. The linked ge…Preview
  5. Q5Accurate mapping of genes can be done by three point test cross because it increases a) Possibility of single cross over b) Possibility of d…Preview
  6. Q6Due to incomplete linkage in maize, the ratio of parental and recombinants are a) 50:50 b) 7:1:1:7 c) 96.4:3.6 d) 1:7:7:1Preview
  7. Q7Genes G S L H are located on same chromosome. The recombination percentage between L and G is 15%, S and L is 50%, H and S are 20%. The corr…Preview
  8. Q8The point mutation sequence for transition, transition, transversion and transversion in DNA are a) A to T, T to A, C to G and G to C b) A t…Preview
  9. Q9If haploid number in a cell is 18, the double monosomic and trisomic number will be a) 35 and 37 b) 34 and 35 c) 37 and 35 d) 17 and 19Preview
  10. Q10Changing the codon AGC to AGA represents a) missense mutation b) nonsense mutation c) frameshift mutation d) deletion mutationPreview
  11. Q11Assertion (A): Gamma rays are generally used to induce mutation in wheat varieties. Reason (R): Because they carry lower energy to non-ioniz…Preview
  12. Q12How many map units separate two alleles A and B if the recombination frequency is 0.09? a) 900 cM b) 90 cM c) 9 cM d) 0.9 cMPreview
  13. Q13Which one of the following pairs of codons is correctly matched with their function or the signal for the particular amino acid? a) UUA, UCA…Preview
  14. Q14Removal of introns and joining of exons in a defined order during transcription is called a) Splicing b) Looping c) Inducing d) SlicingPreview
  15. Q15If one strand of DNA has the nitrogenous base sequence as ATCTS, what would be the complementary RNA strand sequence? a) ATCGU b) TTAGU c) U…Preview
  16. Q16Removal of RNA polymerase III from nucleoplasm will affect the synthesis of a) rRNA b) tRNA c) hnRNA d) mRNAPreview
  17. Q17DNA dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes transcription on one strand of the DNA which is called the a) Alpha strand b) Anti strand c) Template…Preview
  18. Q18Which of the following correctly represents the flow of genetic information? a) DNA -> RNA -> Protein b) RNA -> DNA -> Protein c) RNA -> Pro…Preview
  19. Q19Initiation codon is a) UUU b) UGA c) AUG d) UAGPreview
  20. Q20A eukaryotic gene contains two kinds of base sequences. Which of these plays an important role in protein synthesis? a) Introns b) Exons c)…Preview
  21. Q21Codon - anticodon interactions occur by a) Covalent bond b) Electrostatic interactions c) Hydrogen bonds d) Hydrophobic interactionPreview
  22. Q22Which of the following RNA polymerases is responsible for the transcription of protein coding genes in eukaryotes? a) RNA Pol I b) RNA Pol I…Preview
  23. Q23How are RNA molecules transported out of the nucleus? a) Passive diffusion through the membrane b) Through membrane pores in an energy indep…Preview
  24. Q24During translation the codon in mRNA is actually 'read' by a) The A site in the ribosomes b) The P site in the ribosomes c) The anticodon in…Preview
  25. Q25A complex of ribosome attached to a single strand of RNA is known as a) Polysome b) Polymer c) Polypeptide d) Okazaki fragmentPreview
  26. Q26Which of the following is the start codon? a) AUG b) UGA c) UAA d) UAGPreview
  27. Q27What is true about tRNA? a) It binds with an amino acid at its 3' end b) It has 5 double stranded regions c) It has a codon at one end which…Preview
  28. Q28Which one of the following hydrolyses internal phosphodiester bonds in a polynucleotide chain? a) Lipase b) Exonuclease c) Endonuclease d) P…Preview
  29. Q29DNA element with ability to change position is called a) Cistron b) Transposon c) Intron d) ReconPreview
  30. Q30Spliceosomes are not found in cells of a) Plants b) Fungi c) Animals d) BacteriaPreview
  31. Q31During DNA replication Okazaki fragments are used to elongate a) The leading strand towards replication fork b) The lagging strand towards r…Preview
  32. Q32When two different genes came from same parent they tend to remain together. i) What is the name of this phenomenon? ii) Draw the cross with…Preview
  33. Q33If you cross dominant genotype PV/PV male Drosophila with double recessive female and obtain F1 hybrid. Now you cross F1 male with double re…Preview
  34. Q34A three-point test cross in a plant gave the following results. S.no 1: Gamete type ABC, Number of progenies 349 S.no 2: Gamete type Abc, Nu…Preview
  35. Q35What is the difference between missense and nonsense mutation?Preview
  36. Q36The diagram below shows a normal chromosome with genes in the order A B C D E F G H I, and a second chromosome with genes in the order A B B…Preview
  37. Q37Write the salient features of Sutton and Boveri concept.Preview
  38. Q38Explain the mechanism of crossing over.Preview
  39. Q39Write the steps involved in molecular mechanism of DNA recombination with diagram.Preview
  40. Q40How is Nicotiana exhibit self-incompatibility? Explain its mechanism.Preview
  41. Q41How is sex determined in monoecious plants? Write the genes involved in it.Preview
  42. Q42What is gene mapping? Write its uses.Preview
  43. Q43Draw the diagram of different types of aneuploidy.Preview
  44. Q44Mention the name of man-made cereal. How is it formed?Preview
  45. Q45What is DNA repair?Preview
  46. Q46What is replication fork?Preview
  47. Q47Write about the energetics of DNA replication.Preview
  48. Q48What is TATA box?Preview
  49. Q49What is alternative splicing?Preview
  50. Q50What is coding strand?Preview
  51. Q51What are the enzymes involved in DNA replication in eukaryotes?Preview
  52. Q52Differentiate coding and non-coding strand.Preview
  53. Q53What are spliceosomes?Preview
  54. Q54What is meant by capping and tailing?Preview
  55. Q55What is RNA editing?Preview
  56. Q56Explain the DNA replication in eukaryotes.Preview
  57. Q57With reference to a gene diagram showing a promoter region, exons, introns and a terminator signal, correctly match the following: Column I…Preview
  58. Q58What attributes make Arabidopsis a suitable model plant for molecular genetic research?Preview
  59. Q59Describe the molecular mechanism of RNA modification.Preview
  60. Q60Explain ribosomal translocation in protein synthesis.Preview
  61. Q61Describe transposons.Preview
  62. Q62Describe RNA editing in plants.Preview
3.3.4

Recombination

Recombination is the outcome that crossing over produces: because the DNA segments exchanged at a chiasma are broken and then rejoined onto the partner chromatid, the chromatids that emerge afterward…

+Evaluation62 questions
  1. Q1An allohexaploidy contains a) Six different genomes b) Six copies of three different genomes c) Two copies of three different genomes d) Six…Free
  2. Q2The A and B genes are 10 cM apart on a chromosome. If an AB/ab heterozygote is testcrossed to ab/ab, how many of each progeny class would yo…Free
  3. Q3Match List I with List II. List I: A. A pair of chromosomes extra with diploid; B. One chromosome extra to the diploid; C. One chromosome lo…Free
  4. Q4Which of the following sentences are correct? 1. The offspring exhibit only parental combinations due to incomplete linkage 2. The linked ge…Preview
  5. Q5Accurate mapping of genes can be done by three point test cross because it increases a) Possibility of single cross over b) Possibility of d…Preview
  6. Q6Due to incomplete linkage in maize, the ratio of parental and recombinants are a) 50:50 b) 7:1:1:7 c) 96.4:3.6 d) 1:7:7:1Preview
  7. Q7Genes G S L H are located on same chromosome. The recombination percentage between L and G is 15%, S and L is 50%, H and S are 20%. The corr…Preview
  8. Q8The point mutation sequence for transition, transition, transversion and transversion in DNA are a) A to T, T to A, C to G and G to C b) A t…Preview
  9. Q9If haploid number in a cell is 18, the double monosomic and trisomic number will be a) 35 and 37 b) 34 and 35 c) 37 and 35 d) 17 and 19Preview
  10. Q10Changing the codon AGC to AGA represents a) missense mutation b) nonsense mutation c) frameshift mutation d) deletion mutationPreview
  11. Q11Assertion (A): Gamma rays are generally used to induce mutation in wheat varieties. Reason (R): Because they carry lower energy to non-ioniz…Preview
  12. Q12How many map units separate two alleles A and B if the recombination frequency is 0.09? a) 900 cM b) 90 cM c) 9 cM d) 0.9 cMPreview
  13. Q13Which one of the following pairs of codons is correctly matched with their function or the signal for the particular amino acid? a) UUA, UCA…Preview
  14. Q14Removal of introns and joining of exons in a defined order during transcription is called a) Splicing b) Looping c) Inducing d) SlicingPreview
  15. Q15If one strand of DNA has the nitrogenous base sequence as ATCTS, what would be the complementary RNA strand sequence? a) ATCGU b) TTAGU c) U…Preview
  16. Q16Removal of RNA polymerase III from nucleoplasm will affect the synthesis of a) rRNA b) tRNA c) hnRNA d) mRNAPreview
  17. Q17DNA dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes transcription on one strand of the DNA which is called the a) Alpha strand b) Anti strand c) Template…Preview
  18. Q18Which of the following correctly represents the flow of genetic information? a) DNA -> RNA -> Protein b) RNA -> DNA -> Protein c) RNA -> Pro…Preview
  19. Q19Initiation codon is a) UUU b) UGA c) AUG d) UAGPreview
  20. Q20A eukaryotic gene contains two kinds of base sequences. Which of these plays an important role in protein synthesis? a) Introns b) Exons c)…Preview
  21. Q21Codon - anticodon interactions occur by a) Covalent bond b) Electrostatic interactions c) Hydrogen bonds d) Hydrophobic interactionPreview
  22. Q22Which of the following RNA polymerases is responsible for the transcription of protein coding genes in eukaryotes? a) RNA Pol I b) RNA Pol I…Preview
  23. Q23How are RNA molecules transported out of the nucleus? a) Passive diffusion through the membrane b) Through membrane pores in an energy indep…Preview
  24. Q24During translation the codon in mRNA is actually 'read' by a) The A site in the ribosomes b) The P site in the ribosomes c) The anticodon in…Preview
  25. Q25A complex of ribosome attached to a single strand of RNA is known as a) Polysome b) Polymer c) Polypeptide d) Okazaki fragmentPreview
  26. Q26Which of the following is the start codon? a) AUG b) UGA c) UAA d) UAGPreview
  27. Q27What is true about tRNA? a) It binds with an amino acid at its 3' end b) It has 5 double stranded regions c) It has a codon at one end which…Preview
  28. Q28Which one of the following hydrolyses internal phosphodiester bonds in a polynucleotide chain? a) Lipase b) Exonuclease c) Endonuclease d) P…Preview
  29. Q29DNA element with ability to change position is called a) Cistron b) Transposon c) Intron d) ReconPreview
  30. Q30Spliceosomes are not found in cells of a) Plants b) Fungi c) Animals d) BacteriaPreview
  31. Q31During DNA replication Okazaki fragments are used to elongate a) The leading strand towards replication fork b) The lagging strand towards r…Preview
  32. Q32When two different genes came from same parent they tend to remain together. i) What is the name of this phenomenon? ii) Draw the cross with…Preview
  33. Q33If you cross dominant genotype PV/PV male Drosophila with double recessive female and obtain F1 hybrid. Now you cross F1 male with double re…Preview
  34. Q34A three-point test cross in a plant gave the following results. S.no 1: Gamete type ABC, Number of progenies 349 S.no 2: Gamete type Abc, Nu…Preview
  35. Q35What is the difference between missense and nonsense mutation?Preview
  36. Q36The diagram below shows a normal chromosome with genes in the order A B C D E F G H I, and a second chromosome with genes in the order A B B…Preview
  37. Q37Write the salient features of Sutton and Boveri concept.Preview
  38. Q38Explain the mechanism of crossing over.Preview
  39. Q39Write the steps involved in molecular mechanism of DNA recombination with diagram.Preview
  40. Q40How is Nicotiana exhibit self-incompatibility? Explain its mechanism.Preview
  41. Q41How is sex determined in monoecious plants? Write the genes involved in it.Preview
  42. Q42What is gene mapping? Write its uses.Preview
  43. Q43Draw the diagram of different types of aneuploidy.Preview
  44. Q44Mention the name of man-made cereal. How is it formed?Preview
  45. Q45What is DNA repair?Preview
  46. Q46What is replication fork?Preview
  47. Q47Write about the energetics of DNA replication.Preview
  48. Q48What is TATA box?Preview
  49. Q49What is alternative splicing?Preview
  50. Q50What is coding strand?Preview
  51. Q51What are the enzymes involved in DNA replication in eukaryotes?Preview
  52. Q52Differentiate coding and non-coding strand.Preview
  53. Q53What are spliceosomes?Preview
  54. Q54What is meant by capping and tailing?Preview
  55. Q55What is RNA editing?Preview
  56. Q56Explain the DNA replication in eukaryotes.Preview
  57. Q57With reference to a gene diagram showing a promoter region, exons, introns and a terminator signal, correctly match the following: Column I…Preview
  58. Q58What attributes make Arabidopsis a suitable model plant for molecular genetic research?Preview
  59. Q59Describe the molecular mechanism of RNA modification.Preview
  60. Q60Explain ribosomal translocation in protein synthesis.Preview
  61. Q61Describe transposons.Preview
  62. Q62Describe RNA editing in plants.Preview
3.3.5

Genetic Mapping

Genes occupy fixed positions, called loci, arranged in a strict linear order along a chromosome, and the diagrammatic representation of those positions and the distances between neighbouring loci is c…

+Evaluation62 questions
  1. Q1An allohexaploidy contains a) Six different genomes b) Six copies of three different genomes c) Two copies of three different genomes d) Six…Free
  2. Q2The A and B genes are 10 cM apart on a chromosome. If an AB/ab heterozygote is testcrossed to ab/ab, how many of each progeny class would yo…Free
  3. Q3Match List I with List II. List I: A. A pair of chromosomes extra with diploid; B. One chromosome extra to the diploid; C. One chromosome lo…Free
  4. Q4Which of the following sentences are correct? 1. The offspring exhibit only parental combinations due to incomplete linkage 2. The linked ge…Preview
  5. Q5Accurate mapping of genes can be done by three point test cross because it increases a) Possibility of single cross over b) Possibility of d…Preview
  6. Q6Due to incomplete linkage in maize, the ratio of parental and recombinants are a) 50:50 b) 7:1:1:7 c) 96.4:3.6 d) 1:7:7:1Preview
  7. Q7Genes G S L H are located on same chromosome. The recombination percentage between L and G is 15%, S and L is 50%, H and S are 20%. The corr…Preview
  8. Q8The point mutation sequence for transition, transition, transversion and transversion in DNA are a) A to T, T to A, C to G and G to C b) A t…Preview
  9. Q9If haploid number in a cell is 18, the double monosomic and trisomic number will be a) 35 and 37 b) 34 and 35 c) 37 and 35 d) 17 and 19Preview
  10. Q10Changing the codon AGC to AGA represents a) missense mutation b) nonsense mutation c) frameshift mutation d) deletion mutationPreview
  11. Q11Assertion (A): Gamma rays are generally used to induce mutation in wheat varieties. Reason (R): Because they carry lower energy to non-ioniz…Preview
  12. Q12How many map units separate two alleles A and B if the recombination frequency is 0.09? a) 900 cM b) 90 cM c) 9 cM d) 0.9 cMPreview
  13. Q13Which one of the following pairs of codons is correctly matched with their function or the signal for the particular amino acid? a) UUA, UCA…Preview
  14. Q14Removal of introns and joining of exons in a defined order during transcription is called a) Splicing b) Looping c) Inducing d) SlicingPreview
  15. Q15If one strand of DNA has the nitrogenous base sequence as ATCTS, what would be the complementary RNA strand sequence? a) ATCGU b) TTAGU c) U…Preview
  16. Q16Removal of RNA polymerase III from nucleoplasm will affect the synthesis of a) rRNA b) tRNA c) hnRNA d) mRNAPreview
  17. Q17DNA dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes transcription on one strand of the DNA which is called the a) Alpha strand b) Anti strand c) Template…Preview
  18. Q18Which of the following correctly represents the flow of genetic information? a) DNA -> RNA -> Protein b) RNA -> DNA -> Protein c) RNA -> Pro…Preview
  19. Q19Initiation codon is a) UUU b) UGA c) AUG d) UAGPreview
  20. Q20A eukaryotic gene contains two kinds of base sequences. Which of these plays an important role in protein synthesis? a) Introns b) Exons c)…Preview
  21. Q21Codon - anticodon interactions occur by a) Covalent bond b) Electrostatic interactions c) Hydrogen bonds d) Hydrophobic interactionPreview
  22. Q22Which of the following RNA polymerases is responsible for the transcription of protein coding genes in eukaryotes? a) RNA Pol I b) RNA Pol I…Preview
  23. Q23How are RNA molecules transported out of the nucleus? a) Passive diffusion through the membrane b) Through membrane pores in an energy indep…Preview
  24. Q24During translation the codon in mRNA is actually 'read' by a) The A site in the ribosomes b) The P site in the ribosomes c) The anticodon in…Preview
  25. Q25A complex of ribosome attached to a single strand of RNA is known as a) Polysome b) Polymer c) Polypeptide d) Okazaki fragmentPreview
  26. Q26Which of the following is the start codon? a) AUG b) UGA c) UAA d) UAGPreview
  27. Q27What is true about tRNA? a) It binds with an amino acid at its 3' end b) It has 5 double stranded regions c) It has a codon at one end which…Preview
  28. Q28Which one of the following hydrolyses internal phosphodiester bonds in a polynucleotide chain? a) Lipase b) Exonuclease c) Endonuclease d) P…Preview
  29. Q29DNA element with ability to change position is called a) Cistron b) Transposon c) Intron d) ReconPreview
  30. Q30Spliceosomes are not found in cells of a) Plants b) Fungi c) Animals d) BacteriaPreview
  31. Q31During DNA replication Okazaki fragments are used to elongate a) The leading strand towards replication fork b) The lagging strand towards r…Preview
  32. Q32When two different genes came from same parent they tend to remain together. i) What is the name of this phenomenon? ii) Draw the cross with…Preview
  33. Q33If you cross dominant genotype PV/PV male Drosophila with double recessive female and obtain F1 hybrid. Now you cross F1 male with double re…Preview
  34. Q34A three-point test cross in a plant gave the following results. S.no 1: Gamete type ABC, Number of progenies 349 S.no 2: Gamete type Abc, Nu…Preview
  35. Q35What is the difference between missense and nonsense mutation?Preview
  36. Q36The diagram below shows a normal chromosome with genes in the order A B C D E F G H I, and a second chromosome with genes in the order A B B…Preview
  37. Q37Write the salient features of Sutton and Boveri concept.Preview
  38. Q38Explain the mechanism of crossing over.Preview
  39. Q39Write the steps involved in molecular mechanism of DNA recombination with diagram.Preview
  40. Q40How is Nicotiana exhibit self-incompatibility? Explain its mechanism.Preview
  41. Q41How is sex determined in monoecious plants? Write the genes involved in it.Preview
  42. Q42What is gene mapping? Write its uses.Preview
  43. Q43Draw the diagram of different types of aneuploidy.Preview
  44. Q44Mention the name of man-made cereal. How is it formed?Preview
  45. Q45What is DNA repair?Preview
  46. Q46What is replication fork?Preview
  47. Q47Write about the energetics of DNA replication.Preview
  48. Q48What is TATA box?Preview
  49. Q49What is alternative splicing?Preview
  50. Q50What is coding strand?Preview
  51. Q51What are the enzymes involved in DNA replication in eukaryotes?Preview
  52. Q52Differentiate coding and non-coding strand.Preview
  53. Q53What are spliceosomes?Preview
  54. Q54What is meant by capping and tailing?Preview
  55. Q55What is RNA editing?Preview
  56. Q56Explain the DNA replication in eukaryotes.Preview
  57. Q57With reference to a gene diagram showing a promoter region, exons, introns and a terminator signal, correctly match the following: Column I…Preview
  58. Q58What attributes make Arabidopsis a suitable model plant for molecular genetic research?Preview
  59. Q59Describe the molecular mechanism of RNA modification.Preview
  60. Q60Explain ribosomal translocation in protein synthesis.Preview
  61. Q61Describe transposons.Preview
  62. Q62Describe RNA editing in plants.Preview
3.4

Multiple Alleles

Every gene considered in a simple Mendelian cross was treated as though it had only two possible forms, a dominant allele and a recessive allele, each occupying a fixed locus on a pair of homologous c…

+Evaluation62 questions
  1. Q1An allohexaploidy contains a) Six different genomes b) Six copies of three different genomes c) Two copies of three different genomes d) Six…Free
  2. Q2The A and B genes are 10 cM apart on a chromosome. If an AB/ab heterozygote is testcrossed to ab/ab, how many of each progeny class would yo…Free
  3. Q3Match List I with List II. List I: A. A pair of chromosomes extra with diploid; B. One chromosome extra to the diploid; C. One chromosome lo…Free
  4. Q4Which of the following sentences are correct? 1. The offspring exhibit only parental combinations due to incomplete linkage 2. The linked ge…Preview
  5. Q5Accurate mapping of genes can be done by three point test cross because it increases a) Possibility of single cross over b) Possibility of d…Preview
  6. Q6Due to incomplete linkage in maize, the ratio of parental and recombinants are a) 50:50 b) 7:1:1:7 c) 96.4:3.6 d) 1:7:7:1Preview
  7. Q7Genes G S L H are located on same chromosome. The recombination percentage between L and G is 15%, S and L is 50%, H and S are 20%. The corr…Preview
  8. Q8The point mutation sequence for transition, transition, transversion and transversion in DNA are a) A to T, T to A, C to G and G to C b) A t…Preview
  9. Q9If haploid number in a cell is 18, the double monosomic and trisomic number will be a) 35 and 37 b) 34 and 35 c) 37 and 35 d) 17 and 19Preview
  10. Q10Changing the codon AGC to AGA represents a) missense mutation b) nonsense mutation c) frameshift mutation d) deletion mutationPreview
  11. Q11Assertion (A): Gamma rays are generally used to induce mutation in wheat varieties. Reason (R): Because they carry lower energy to non-ioniz…Preview
  12. Q12How many map units separate two alleles A and B if the recombination frequency is 0.09? a) 900 cM b) 90 cM c) 9 cM d) 0.9 cMPreview
  13. Q13Which one of the following pairs of codons is correctly matched with their function or the signal for the particular amino acid? a) UUA, UCA…Preview
  14. Q14Removal of introns and joining of exons in a defined order during transcription is called a) Splicing b) Looping c) Inducing d) SlicingPreview
  15. Q15If one strand of DNA has the nitrogenous base sequence as ATCTS, what would be the complementary RNA strand sequence? a) ATCGU b) TTAGU c) U…Preview
  16. Q16Removal of RNA polymerase III from nucleoplasm will affect the synthesis of a) rRNA b) tRNA c) hnRNA d) mRNAPreview
  17. Q17DNA dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes transcription on one strand of the DNA which is called the a) Alpha strand b) Anti strand c) Template…Preview
  18. Q18Which of the following correctly represents the flow of genetic information? a) DNA -> RNA -> Protein b) RNA -> DNA -> Protein c) RNA -> Pro…Preview
  19. Q19Initiation codon is a) UUU b) UGA c) AUG d) UAGPreview
  20. Q20A eukaryotic gene contains two kinds of base sequences. Which of these plays an important role in protein synthesis? a) Introns b) Exons c)…Preview
  21. Q21Codon - anticodon interactions occur by a) Covalent bond b) Electrostatic interactions c) Hydrogen bonds d) Hydrophobic interactionPreview
  22. Q22Which of the following RNA polymerases is responsible for the transcription of protein coding genes in eukaryotes? a) RNA Pol I b) RNA Pol I…Preview
  23. Q23How are RNA molecules transported out of the nucleus? a) Passive diffusion through the membrane b) Through membrane pores in an energy indep…Preview
  24. Q24During translation the codon in mRNA is actually 'read' by a) The A site in the ribosomes b) The P site in the ribosomes c) The anticodon in…Preview
  25. Q25A complex of ribosome attached to a single strand of RNA is known as a) Polysome b) Polymer c) Polypeptide d) Okazaki fragmentPreview
  26. Q26Which of the following is the start codon? a) AUG b) UGA c) UAA d) UAGPreview
  27. Q27What is true about tRNA? a) It binds with an amino acid at its 3' end b) It has 5 double stranded regions c) It has a codon at one end which…Preview
  28. Q28Which one of the following hydrolyses internal phosphodiester bonds in a polynucleotide chain? a) Lipase b) Exonuclease c) Endonuclease d) P…Preview
  29. Q29DNA element with ability to change position is called a) Cistron b) Transposon c) Intron d) ReconPreview
  30. Q30Spliceosomes are not found in cells of a) Plants b) Fungi c) Animals d) BacteriaPreview
  31. Q31During DNA replication Okazaki fragments are used to elongate a) The leading strand towards replication fork b) The lagging strand towards r…Preview
  32. Q32When two different genes came from same parent they tend to remain together. i) What is the name of this phenomenon? ii) Draw the cross with…Preview
  33. Q33If you cross dominant genotype PV/PV male Drosophila with double recessive female and obtain F1 hybrid. Now you cross F1 male with double re…Preview
  34. Q34A three-point test cross in a plant gave the following results. S.no 1: Gamete type ABC, Number of progenies 349 S.no 2: Gamete type Abc, Nu…Preview
  35. Q35What is the difference between missense and nonsense mutation?Preview
  36. Q36The diagram below shows a normal chromosome with genes in the order A B C D E F G H I, and a second chromosome with genes in the order A B B…Preview
  37. Q37Write the salient features of Sutton and Boveri concept.Preview
  38. Q38Explain the mechanism of crossing over.Preview
  39. Q39Write the steps involved in molecular mechanism of DNA recombination with diagram.Preview
  40. Q40How is Nicotiana exhibit self-incompatibility? Explain its mechanism.Preview
  41. Q41How is sex determined in monoecious plants? Write the genes involved in it.Preview
  42. Q42What is gene mapping? Write its uses.Preview
  43. Q43Draw the diagram of different types of aneuploidy.Preview
  44. Q44Mention the name of man-made cereal. How is it formed?Preview
  45. Q45What is DNA repair?Preview
  46. Q46What is replication fork?Preview
  47. Q47Write about the energetics of DNA replication.Preview
  48. Q48What is TATA box?Preview
  49. Q49What is alternative splicing?Preview
  50. Q50What is coding strand?Preview
  51. Q51What are the enzymes involved in DNA replication in eukaryotes?Preview
  52. Q52Differentiate coding and non-coding strand.Preview
  53. Q53What are spliceosomes?Preview
  54. Q54What is meant by capping and tailing?Preview
  55. Q55What is RNA editing?Preview
  56. Q56Explain the DNA replication in eukaryotes.Preview
  57. Q57With reference to a gene diagram showing a promoter region, exons, introns and a terminator signal, correctly match the following: Column I…Preview
  58. Q58What attributes make Arabidopsis a suitable model plant for molecular genetic research?Preview
  59. Q59Describe the molecular mechanism of RNA modification.Preview
  60. Q60Explain ribosomal translocation in protein synthesis.Preview
  61. Q61Describe transposons.Preview
  62. Q62Describe RNA editing in plants.Preview
3.4.1

Characteristics of Multiple Alleles

A true multiple-allelic series follows a consistent set of rules that distinguish it from an ordinary single pair of alleles.

+Evaluation62 questions
  1. Q1An allohexaploidy contains a) Six different genomes b) Six copies of three different genomes c) Two copies of three different genomes d) Six…Free
  2. Q2The A and B genes are 10 cM apart on a chromosome. If an AB/ab heterozygote is testcrossed to ab/ab, how many of each progeny class would yo…Free
  3. Q3Match List I with List II. List I: A. A pair of chromosomes extra with diploid; B. One chromosome extra to the diploid; C. One chromosome lo…Free
  4. Q4Which of the following sentences are correct? 1. The offspring exhibit only parental combinations due to incomplete linkage 2. The linked ge…Preview
  5. Q5Accurate mapping of genes can be done by three point test cross because it increases a) Possibility of single cross over b) Possibility of d…Preview
  6. Q6Due to incomplete linkage in maize, the ratio of parental and recombinants are a) 50:50 b) 7:1:1:7 c) 96.4:3.6 d) 1:7:7:1Preview
  7. Q7Genes G S L H are located on same chromosome. The recombination percentage between L and G is 15%, S and L is 50%, H and S are 20%. The corr…Preview
  8. Q8The point mutation sequence for transition, transition, transversion and transversion in DNA are a) A to T, T to A, C to G and G to C b) A t…Preview
  9. Q9If haploid number in a cell is 18, the double monosomic and trisomic number will be a) 35 and 37 b) 34 and 35 c) 37 and 35 d) 17 and 19Preview
  10. Q10Changing the codon AGC to AGA represents a) missense mutation b) nonsense mutation c) frameshift mutation d) deletion mutationPreview
  11. Q11Assertion (A): Gamma rays are generally used to induce mutation in wheat varieties. Reason (R): Because they carry lower energy to non-ioniz…Preview
  12. Q12How many map units separate two alleles A and B if the recombination frequency is 0.09? a) 900 cM b) 90 cM c) 9 cM d) 0.9 cMPreview
  13. Q13Which one of the following pairs of codons is correctly matched with their function or the signal for the particular amino acid? a) UUA, UCA…Preview
  14. Q14Removal of introns and joining of exons in a defined order during transcription is called a) Splicing b) Looping c) Inducing d) SlicingPreview
  15. Q15If one strand of DNA has the nitrogenous base sequence as ATCTS, what would be the complementary RNA strand sequence? a) ATCGU b) TTAGU c) U…Preview
  16. Q16Removal of RNA polymerase III from nucleoplasm will affect the synthesis of a) rRNA b) tRNA c) hnRNA d) mRNAPreview
  17. Q17DNA dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes transcription on one strand of the DNA which is called the a) Alpha strand b) Anti strand c) Template…Preview
  18. Q18Which of the following correctly represents the flow of genetic information? a) DNA -> RNA -> Protein b) RNA -> DNA -> Protein c) RNA -> Pro…Preview
  19. Q19Initiation codon is a) UUU b) UGA c) AUG d) UAGPreview
  20. Q20A eukaryotic gene contains two kinds of base sequences. Which of these plays an important role in protein synthesis? a) Introns b) Exons c)…Preview
  21. Q21Codon - anticodon interactions occur by a) Covalent bond b) Electrostatic interactions c) Hydrogen bonds d) Hydrophobic interactionPreview
  22. Q22Which of the following RNA polymerases is responsible for the transcription of protein coding genes in eukaryotes? a) RNA Pol I b) RNA Pol I…Preview
  23. Q23How are RNA molecules transported out of the nucleus? a) Passive diffusion through the membrane b) Through membrane pores in an energy indep…Preview
  24. Q24During translation the codon in mRNA is actually 'read' by a) The A site in the ribosomes b) The P site in the ribosomes c) The anticodon in…Preview
  25. Q25A complex of ribosome attached to a single strand of RNA is known as a) Polysome b) Polymer c) Polypeptide d) Okazaki fragmentPreview
  26. Q26Which of the following is the start codon? a) AUG b) UGA c) UAA d) UAGPreview
  27. Q27What is true about tRNA? a) It binds with an amino acid at its 3' end b) It has 5 double stranded regions c) It has a codon at one end which…Preview
  28. Q28Which one of the following hydrolyses internal phosphodiester bonds in a polynucleotide chain? a) Lipase b) Exonuclease c) Endonuclease d) P…Preview
  29. Q29DNA element with ability to change position is called a) Cistron b) Transposon c) Intron d) ReconPreview
  30. Q30Spliceosomes are not found in cells of a) Plants b) Fungi c) Animals d) BacteriaPreview
  31. Q31During DNA replication Okazaki fragments are used to elongate a) The leading strand towards replication fork b) The lagging strand towards r…Preview
  32. Q32When two different genes came from same parent they tend to remain together. i) What is the name of this phenomenon? ii) Draw the cross with…Preview
  33. Q33If you cross dominant genotype PV/PV male Drosophila with double recessive female and obtain F1 hybrid. Now you cross F1 male with double re…Preview
  34. Q34A three-point test cross in a plant gave the following results. S.no 1: Gamete type ABC, Number of progenies 349 S.no 2: Gamete type Abc, Nu…Preview
  35. Q35What is the difference between missense and nonsense mutation?Preview
  36. Q36The diagram below shows a normal chromosome with genes in the order A B C D E F G H I, and a second chromosome with genes in the order A B B…Preview
  37. Q37Write the salient features of Sutton and Boveri concept.Preview
  38. Q38Explain the mechanism of crossing over.Preview
  39. Q39Write the steps involved in molecular mechanism of DNA recombination with diagram.Preview
  40. Q40How is Nicotiana exhibit self-incompatibility? Explain its mechanism.Preview
  41. Q41How is sex determined in monoecious plants? Write the genes involved in it.Preview
  42. Q42What is gene mapping? Write its uses.Preview
  43. Q43Draw the diagram of different types of aneuploidy.Preview
  44. Q44Mention the name of man-made cereal. How is it formed?Preview
  45. Q45What is DNA repair?Preview
  46. Q46What is replication fork?Preview
  47. Q47Write about the energetics of DNA replication.Preview
  48. Q48What is TATA box?Preview
  49. Q49What is alternative splicing?Preview
  50. Q50What is coding strand?Preview
  51. Q51What are the enzymes involved in DNA replication in eukaryotes?Preview
  52. Q52Differentiate coding and non-coding strand.Preview
  53. Q53What are spliceosomes?Preview
  54. Q54What is meant by capping and tailing?Preview
  55. Q55What is RNA editing?Preview
  56. Q56Explain the DNA replication in eukaryotes.Preview
  57. Q57With reference to a gene diagram showing a promoter region, exons, introns and a terminator signal, correctly match the following: Column I…Preview
  58. Q58What attributes make Arabidopsis a suitable model plant for molecular genetic research?Preview
  59. Q59Describe the molecular mechanism of RNA modification.Preview
  60. Q60Explain ribosomal translocation in protein synthesis.Preview
  61. Q61Describe transposons.Preview
  62. Q62Describe RNA editing in plants.Preview
3.4.2

Self-sterility in Nicotiana

Multiple alleles were documented in plants in connection with self-sterility, also called self-incompatibility, a genetic mechanism that actively prevents a plant's own pollen from fertilising its own…

+Evaluation62 questions
  1. Q1An allohexaploidy contains a) Six different genomes b) Six copies of three different genomes c) Two copies of three different genomes d) Six…Free
  2. Q2The A and B genes are 10 cM apart on a chromosome. If an AB/ab heterozygote is testcrossed to ab/ab, how many of each progeny class would yo…Free
  3. Q3Match List I with List II. List I: A. A pair of chromosomes extra with diploid; B. One chromosome extra to the diploid; C. One chromosome lo…Free
  4. Q4Which of the following sentences are correct? 1. The offspring exhibit only parental combinations due to incomplete linkage 2. The linked ge…Preview
  5. Q5Accurate mapping of genes can be done by three point test cross because it increases a) Possibility of single cross over b) Possibility of d…Preview
  6. Q6Due to incomplete linkage in maize, the ratio of parental and recombinants are a) 50:50 b) 7:1:1:7 c) 96.4:3.6 d) 1:7:7:1Preview
  7. Q7Genes G S L H are located on same chromosome. The recombination percentage between L and G is 15%, S and L is 50%, H and S are 20%. The corr…Preview
  8. Q8The point mutation sequence for transition, transition, transversion and transversion in DNA are a) A to T, T to A, C to G and G to C b) A t…Preview
  9. Q9If haploid number in a cell is 18, the double monosomic and trisomic number will be a) 35 and 37 b) 34 and 35 c) 37 and 35 d) 17 and 19Preview
  10. Q10Changing the codon AGC to AGA represents a) missense mutation b) nonsense mutation c) frameshift mutation d) deletion mutationPreview
  11. Q11Assertion (A): Gamma rays are generally used to induce mutation in wheat varieties. Reason (R): Because they carry lower energy to non-ioniz…Preview
  12. Q12How many map units separate two alleles A and B if the recombination frequency is 0.09? a) 900 cM b) 90 cM c) 9 cM d) 0.9 cMPreview
  13. Q13Which one of the following pairs of codons is correctly matched with their function or the signal for the particular amino acid? a) UUA, UCA…Preview
  14. Q14Removal of introns and joining of exons in a defined order during transcription is called a) Splicing b) Looping c) Inducing d) SlicingPreview
  15. Q15If one strand of DNA has the nitrogenous base sequence as ATCTS, what would be the complementary RNA strand sequence? a) ATCGU b) TTAGU c) U…Preview
  16. Q16Removal of RNA polymerase III from nucleoplasm will affect the synthesis of a) rRNA b) tRNA c) hnRNA d) mRNAPreview
  17. Q17DNA dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes transcription on one strand of the DNA which is called the a) Alpha strand b) Anti strand c) Template…Preview
  18. Q18Which of the following correctly represents the flow of genetic information? a) DNA -> RNA -> Protein b) RNA -> DNA -> Protein c) RNA -> Pro…Preview
  19. Q19Initiation codon is a) UUU b) UGA c) AUG d) UAGPreview
  20. Q20A eukaryotic gene contains two kinds of base sequences. Which of these plays an important role in protein synthesis? a) Introns b) Exons c)…Preview
  21. Q21Codon - anticodon interactions occur by a) Covalent bond b) Electrostatic interactions c) Hydrogen bonds d) Hydrophobic interactionPreview
  22. Q22Which of the following RNA polymerases is responsible for the transcription of protein coding genes in eukaryotes? a) RNA Pol I b) RNA Pol I…Preview
  23. Q23How are RNA molecules transported out of the nucleus? a) Passive diffusion through the membrane b) Through membrane pores in an energy indep…Preview
  24. Q24During translation the codon in mRNA is actually 'read' by a) The A site in the ribosomes b) The P site in the ribosomes c) The anticodon in…Preview
  25. Q25A complex of ribosome attached to a single strand of RNA is known as a) Polysome b) Polymer c) Polypeptide d) Okazaki fragmentPreview
  26. Q26Which of the following is the start codon? a) AUG b) UGA c) UAA d) UAGPreview
  27. Q27What is true about tRNA? a) It binds with an amino acid at its 3' end b) It has 5 double stranded regions c) It has a codon at one end which…Preview
  28. Q28Which one of the following hydrolyses internal phosphodiester bonds in a polynucleotide chain? a) Lipase b) Exonuclease c) Endonuclease d) P…Preview
  29. Q29DNA element with ability to change position is called a) Cistron b) Transposon c) Intron d) ReconPreview
  30. Q30Spliceosomes are not found in cells of a) Plants b) Fungi c) Animals d) BacteriaPreview
  31. Q31During DNA replication Okazaki fragments are used to elongate a) The leading strand towards replication fork b) The lagging strand towards r…Preview
  32. Q32When two different genes came from same parent they tend to remain together. i) What is the name of this phenomenon? ii) Draw the cross with…Preview
  33. Q33If you cross dominant genotype PV/PV male Drosophila with double recessive female and obtain F1 hybrid. Now you cross F1 male with double re…Preview
  34. Q34A three-point test cross in a plant gave the following results. S.no 1: Gamete type ABC, Number of progenies 349 S.no 2: Gamete type Abc, Nu…Preview
  35. Q35What is the difference between missense and nonsense mutation?Preview
  36. Q36The diagram below shows a normal chromosome with genes in the order A B C D E F G H I, and a second chromosome with genes in the order A B B…Preview
  37. Q37Write the salient features of Sutton and Boveri concept.Preview
  38. Q38Explain the mechanism of crossing over.Preview
  39. Q39Write the steps involved in molecular mechanism of DNA recombination with diagram.Preview
  40. Q40How is Nicotiana exhibit self-incompatibility? Explain its mechanism.Preview
  41. Q41How is sex determined in monoecious plants? Write the genes involved in it.Preview
  42. Q42What is gene mapping? Write its uses.Preview
  43. Q43Draw the diagram of different types of aneuploidy.Preview
  44. Q44Mention the name of man-made cereal. How is it formed?Preview
  45. Q45What is DNA repair?Preview
  46. Q46What is replication fork?Preview
  47. Q47Write about the energetics of DNA replication.Preview
  48. Q48What is TATA box?Preview
  49. Q49What is alternative splicing?Preview
  50. Q50What is coding strand?Preview
  51. Q51What are the enzymes involved in DNA replication in eukaryotes?Preview
  52. Q52Differentiate coding and non-coding strand.Preview
  53. Q53What are spliceosomes?Preview
  54. Q54What is meant by capping and tailing?Preview
  55. Q55What is RNA editing?Preview
  56. Q56Explain the DNA replication in eukaryotes.Preview
  57. Q57With reference to a gene diagram showing a promoter region, exons, introns and a terminator signal, correctly match the following: Column I…Preview
  58. Q58What attributes make Arabidopsis a suitable model plant for molecular genetic research?Preview
  59. Q59Describe the molecular mechanism of RNA modification.Preview
  60. Q60Explain ribosomal translocation in protein synthesis.Preview
  61. Q61Describe transposons.Preview
  62. Q62Describe RNA editing in plants.Preview
3.5

Sex Determination in Plants

Roughly 94% of all flowering plant species are sexually monomorphic, meaning every individual plant produces flowers bearing both the male reproductive organs (stamens) and the female reproductive org…

+Evaluation62 questions
  1. Q1An allohexaploidy contains a) Six different genomes b) Six copies of three different genomes c) Two copies of three different genomes d) Six…Free
  2. Q2The A and B genes are 10 cM apart on a chromosome. If an AB/ab heterozygote is testcrossed to ab/ab, how many of each progeny class would yo…Free
  3. Q3Match List I with List II. List I: A. A pair of chromosomes extra with diploid; B. One chromosome extra to the diploid; C. One chromosome lo…Free
  4. Q4Which of the following sentences are correct? 1. The offspring exhibit only parental combinations due to incomplete linkage 2. The linked ge…Preview
  5. Q5Accurate mapping of genes can be done by three point test cross because it increases a) Possibility of single cross over b) Possibility of d…Preview
  6. Q6Due to incomplete linkage in maize, the ratio of parental and recombinants are a) 50:50 b) 7:1:1:7 c) 96.4:3.6 d) 1:7:7:1Preview
  7. Q7Genes G S L H are located on same chromosome. The recombination percentage between L and G is 15%, S and L is 50%, H and S are 20%. The corr…Preview
  8. Q8The point mutation sequence for transition, transition, transversion and transversion in DNA are a) A to T, T to A, C to G and G to C b) A t…Preview
  9. Q9If haploid number in a cell is 18, the double monosomic and trisomic number will be a) 35 and 37 b) 34 and 35 c) 37 and 35 d) 17 and 19Preview
  10. Q10Changing the codon AGC to AGA represents a) missense mutation b) nonsense mutation c) frameshift mutation d) deletion mutationPreview
  11. Q11Assertion (A): Gamma rays are generally used to induce mutation in wheat varieties. Reason (R): Because they carry lower energy to non-ioniz…Preview
  12. Q12How many map units separate two alleles A and B if the recombination frequency is 0.09? a) 900 cM b) 90 cM c) 9 cM d) 0.9 cMPreview
  13. Q13Which one of the following pairs of codons is correctly matched with their function or the signal for the particular amino acid? a) UUA, UCA…Preview
  14. Q14Removal of introns and joining of exons in a defined order during transcription is called a) Splicing b) Looping c) Inducing d) SlicingPreview
  15. Q15If one strand of DNA has the nitrogenous base sequence as ATCTS, what would be the complementary RNA strand sequence? a) ATCGU b) TTAGU c) U…Preview
  16. Q16Removal of RNA polymerase III from nucleoplasm will affect the synthesis of a) rRNA b) tRNA c) hnRNA d) mRNAPreview
  17. Q17DNA dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes transcription on one strand of the DNA which is called the a) Alpha strand b) Anti strand c) Template…Preview
  18. Q18Which of the following correctly represents the flow of genetic information? a) DNA -> RNA -> Protein b) RNA -> DNA -> Protein c) RNA -> Pro…Preview
  19. Q19Initiation codon is a) UUU b) UGA c) AUG d) UAGPreview
  20. Q20A eukaryotic gene contains two kinds of base sequences. Which of these plays an important role in protein synthesis? a) Introns b) Exons c)…Preview
  21. Q21Codon - anticodon interactions occur by a) Covalent bond b) Electrostatic interactions c) Hydrogen bonds d) Hydrophobic interactionPreview
  22. Q22Which of the following RNA polymerases is responsible for the transcription of protein coding genes in eukaryotes? a) RNA Pol I b) RNA Pol I…Preview
  23. Q23How are RNA molecules transported out of the nucleus? a) Passive diffusion through the membrane b) Through membrane pores in an energy indep…Preview
  24. Q24During translation the codon in mRNA is actually 'read' by a) The A site in the ribosomes b) The P site in the ribosomes c) The anticodon in…Preview
  25. Q25A complex of ribosome attached to a single strand of RNA is known as a) Polysome b) Polymer c) Polypeptide d) Okazaki fragmentPreview
  26. Q26Which of the following is the start codon? a) AUG b) UGA c) UAA d) UAGPreview
  27. Q27What is true about tRNA? a) It binds with an amino acid at its 3' end b) It has 5 double stranded regions c) It has a codon at one end which…Preview
  28. Q28Which one of the following hydrolyses internal phosphodiester bonds in a polynucleotide chain? a) Lipase b) Exonuclease c) Endonuclease d) P…Preview
  29. Q29DNA element with ability to change position is called a) Cistron b) Transposon c) Intron d) ReconPreview
  30. Q30Spliceosomes are not found in cells of a) Plants b) Fungi c) Animals d) BacteriaPreview
  31. Q31During DNA replication Okazaki fragments are used to elongate a) The leading strand towards replication fork b) The lagging strand towards r…Preview
  32. Q32When two different genes came from same parent they tend to remain together. i) What is the name of this phenomenon? ii) Draw the cross with…Preview
  33. Q33If you cross dominant genotype PV/PV male Drosophila with double recessive female and obtain F1 hybrid. Now you cross F1 male with double re…Preview
  34. Q34A three-point test cross in a plant gave the following results. S.no 1: Gamete type ABC, Number of progenies 349 S.no 2: Gamete type Abc, Nu…Preview
  35. Q35What is the difference between missense and nonsense mutation?Preview
  36. Q36The diagram below shows a normal chromosome with genes in the order A B C D E F G H I, and a second chromosome with genes in the order A B B…Preview
  37. Q37Write the salient features of Sutton and Boveri concept.Preview
  38. Q38Explain the mechanism of crossing over.Preview
  39. Q39Write the steps involved in molecular mechanism of DNA recombination with diagram.Preview
  40. Q40How is Nicotiana exhibit self-incompatibility? Explain its mechanism.Preview
  41. Q41How is sex determined in monoecious plants? Write the genes involved in it.Preview
  42. Q42What is gene mapping? Write its uses.Preview
  43. Q43Draw the diagram of different types of aneuploidy.Preview
  44. Q44Mention the name of man-made cereal. How is it formed?Preview
  45. Q45What is DNA repair?Preview
  46. Q46What is replication fork?Preview
  47. Q47Write about the energetics of DNA replication.Preview
  48. Q48What is TATA box?Preview
  49. Q49What is alternative splicing?Preview
  50. Q50What is coding strand?Preview
  51. Q51What are the enzymes involved in DNA replication in eukaryotes?Preview
  52. Q52Differentiate coding and non-coding strand.Preview
  53. Q53What are spliceosomes?Preview
  54. Q54What is meant by capping and tailing?Preview
  55. Q55What is RNA editing?Preview
  56. Q56Explain the DNA replication in eukaryotes.Preview
  57. Q57With reference to a gene diagram showing a promoter region, exons, introns and a terminator signal, correctly match the following: Column I…Preview
  58. Q58What attributes make Arabidopsis a suitable model plant for molecular genetic research?Preview
  59. Q59Describe the molecular mechanism of RNA modification.Preview
  60. Q60Explain ribosomal translocation in protein synthesis.Preview
  61. Q61Describe transposons.Preview
  62. Q62Describe RNA editing in plants.Preview
3.5.1

Sex Determination in Papaya

Papaya (Carica papaya) is diploid with 2n=36 chromosomes, made up of 17 pairs of ordinary autosomes plus one further pair that functions as a true sex-chromosome pair, discovered relatively recently b…

+Evaluation62 questions
  1. Q1An allohexaploidy contains a) Six different genomes b) Six copies of three different genomes c) Two copies of three different genomes d) Six…Free
  2. Q2The A and B genes are 10 cM apart on a chromosome. If an AB/ab heterozygote is testcrossed to ab/ab, how many of each progeny class would yo…Free
  3. Q3Match List I with List II. List I: A. A pair of chromosomes extra with diploid; B. One chromosome extra to the diploid; C. One chromosome lo…Free
  4. Q4Which of the following sentences are correct? 1. The offspring exhibit only parental combinations due to incomplete linkage 2. The linked ge…Preview
  5. Q5Accurate mapping of genes can be done by three point test cross because it increases a) Possibility of single cross over b) Possibility of d…Preview
  6. Q6Due to incomplete linkage in maize, the ratio of parental and recombinants are a) 50:50 b) 7:1:1:7 c) 96.4:3.6 d) 1:7:7:1Preview
  7. Q7Genes G S L H are located on same chromosome. The recombination percentage between L and G is 15%, S and L is 50%, H and S are 20%. The corr…Preview
  8. Q8The point mutation sequence for transition, transition, transversion and transversion in DNA are a) A to T, T to A, C to G and G to C b) A t…Preview
  9. Q9If haploid number in a cell is 18, the double monosomic and trisomic number will be a) 35 and 37 b) 34 and 35 c) 37 and 35 d) 17 and 19Preview
  10. Q10Changing the codon AGC to AGA represents a) missense mutation b) nonsense mutation c) frameshift mutation d) deletion mutationPreview
  11. Q11Assertion (A): Gamma rays are generally used to induce mutation in wheat varieties. Reason (R): Because they carry lower energy to non-ioniz…Preview
  12. Q12How many map units separate two alleles A and B if the recombination frequency is 0.09? a) 900 cM b) 90 cM c) 9 cM d) 0.9 cMPreview
  13. Q13Which one of the following pairs of codons is correctly matched with their function or the signal for the particular amino acid? a) UUA, UCA…Preview
  14. Q14Removal of introns and joining of exons in a defined order during transcription is called a) Splicing b) Looping c) Inducing d) SlicingPreview
  15. Q15If one strand of DNA has the nitrogenous base sequence as ATCTS, what would be the complementary RNA strand sequence? a) ATCGU b) TTAGU c) U…Preview
  16. Q16Removal of RNA polymerase III from nucleoplasm will affect the synthesis of a) rRNA b) tRNA c) hnRNA d) mRNAPreview
  17. Q17DNA dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes transcription on one strand of the DNA which is called the a) Alpha strand b) Anti strand c) Template…Preview
  18. Q18Which of the following correctly represents the flow of genetic information? a) DNA -> RNA -> Protein b) RNA -> DNA -> Protein c) RNA -> Pro…Preview
  19. Q19Initiation codon is a) UUU b) UGA c) AUG d) UAGPreview
  20. Q20A eukaryotic gene contains two kinds of base sequences. Which of these plays an important role in protein synthesis? a) Introns b) Exons c)…Preview
  21. Q21Codon - anticodon interactions occur by a) Covalent bond b) Electrostatic interactions c) Hydrogen bonds d) Hydrophobic interactionPreview
  22. Q22Which of the following RNA polymerases is responsible for the transcription of protein coding genes in eukaryotes? a) RNA Pol I b) RNA Pol I…Preview
  23. Q23How are RNA molecules transported out of the nucleus? a) Passive diffusion through the membrane b) Through membrane pores in an energy indep…Preview
  24. Q24During translation the codon in mRNA is actually 'read' by a) The A site in the ribosomes b) The P site in the ribosomes c) The anticodon in…Preview
  25. Q25A complex of ribosome attached to a single strand of RNA is known as a) Polysome b) Polymer c) Polypeptide d) Okazaki fragmentPreview
  26. Q26Which of the following is the start codon? a) AUG b) UGA c) UAA d) UAGPreview
  27. Q27What is true about tRNA? a) It binds with an amino acid at its 3' end b) It has 5 double stranded regions c) It has a codon at one end which…Preview
  28. Q28Which one of the following hydrolyses internal phosphodiester bonds in a polynucleotide chain? a) Lipase b) Exonuclease c) Endonuclease d) P…Preview
  29. Q29DNA element with ability to change position is called a) Cistron b) Transposon c) Intron d) ReconPreview
  30. Q30Spliceosomes are not found in cells of a) Plants b) Fungi c) Animals d) BacteriaPreview
  31. Q31During DNA replication Okazaki fragments are used to elongate a) The leading strand towards replication fork b) The lagging strand towards r…Preview
  32. Q32When two different genes came from same parent they tend to remain together. i) What is the name of this phenomenon? ii) Draw the cross with…Preview
  33. Q33If you cross dominant genotype PV/PV male Drosophila with double recessive female and obtain F1 hybrid. Now you cross F1 male with double re…Preview
  34. Q34A three-point test cross in a plant gave the following results. S.no 1: Gamete type ABC, Number of progenies 349 S.no 2: Gamete type Abc, Nu…Preview
  35. Q35What is the difference between missense and nonsense mutation?Preview
  36. Q36The diagram below shows a normal chromosome with genes in the order A B C D E F G H I, and a second chromosome with genes in the order A B B…Preview
  37. Q37Write the salient features of Sutton and Boveri concept.Preview
  38. Q38Explain the mechanism of crossing over.Preview
  39. Q39Write the steps involved in molecular mechanism of DNA recombination with diagram.Preview
  40. Q40How is Nicotiana exhibit self-incompatibility? Explain its mechanism.Preview
  41. Q41How is sex determined in monoecious plants? Write the genes involved in it.Preview
  42. Q42What is gene mapping? Write its uses.Preview
  43. Q43Draw the diagram of different types of aneuploidy.Preview
  44. Q44Mention the name of man-made cereal. How is it formed?Preview
  45. Q45What is DNA repair?Preview
  46. Q46What is replication fork?Preview
  47. Q47Write about the energetics of DNA replication.Preview
  48. Q48What is TATA box?Preview
  49. Q49What is alternative splicing?Preview
  50. Q50What is coding strand?Preview
  51. Q51What are the enzymes involved in DNA replication in eukaryotes?Preview
  52. Q52Differentiate coding and non-coding strand.Preview
  53. Q53What are spliceosomes?Preview
  54. Q54What is meant by capping and tailing?Preview
  55. Q55What is RNA editing?Preview
  56. Q56Explain the DNA replication in eukaryotes.Preview
  57. Q57With reference to a gene diagram showing a promoter region, exons, introns and a terminator signal, correctly match the following: Column I…Preview
  58. Q58What attributes make Arabidopsis a suitable model plant for molecular genetic research?Preview
  59. Q59Describe the molecular mechanism of RNA modification.Preview
  60. Q60Explain ribosomal translocation in protein synthesis.Preview
  61. Q61Describe transposons.Preview
  62. Q62Describe RNA editing in plants.Preview
3.5.2

Sex Determination in Sphaerocarpos

Sex determination was first worked out in a haploid-dominant organism in the bottle liverwort Sphaerocarpos donnellii, a bryophyte whose gametophyte generation, which is haploid, shows heteromorphic (…

+Evaluation62 questions
  1. Q1An allohexaploidy contains a) Six different genomes b) Six copies of three different genomes c) Two copies of three different genomes d) Six…Free
  2. Q2The A and B genes are 10 cM apart on a chromosome. If an AB/ab heterozygote is testcrossed to ab/ab, how many of each progeny class would yo…Free
  3. Q3Match List I with List II. List I: A. A pair of chromosomes extra with diploid; B. One chromosome extra to the diploid; C. One chromosome lo…Free
  4. Q4Which of the following sentences are correct? 1. The offspring exhibit only parental combinations due to incomplete linkage 2. The linked ge…Preview
  5. Q5Accurate mapping of genes can be done by three point test cross because it increases a) Possibility of single cross over b) Possibility of d…Preview
  6. Q6Due to incomplete linkage in maize, the ratio of parental and recombinants are a) 50:50 b) 7:1:1:7 c) 96.4:3.6 d) 1:7:7:1Preview
  7. Q7Genes G S L H are located on same chromosome. The recombination percentage between L and G is 15%, S and L is 50%, H and S are 20%. The corr…Preview
  8. Q8The point mutation sequence for transition, transition, transversion and transversion in DNA are a) A to T, T to A, C to G and G to C b) A t…Preview
  9. Q9If haploid number in a cell is 18, the double monosomic and trisomic number will be a) 35 and 37 b) 34 and 35 c) 37 and 35 d) 17 and 19Preview
  10. Q10Changing the codon AGC to AGA represents a) missense mutation b) nonsense mutation c) frameshift mutation d) deletion mutationPreview
  11. Q11Assertion (A): Gamma rays are generally used to induce mutation in wheat varieties. Reason (R): Because they carry lower energy to non-ioniz…Preview
  12. Q12How many map units separate two alleles A and B if the recombination frequency is 0.09? a) 900 cM b) 90 cM c) 9 cM d) 0.9 cMPreview
  13. Q13Which one of the following pairs of codons is correctly matched with their function or the signal for the particular amino acid? a) UUA, UCA…Preview
  14. Q14Removal of introns and joining of exons in a defined order during transcription is called a) Splicing b) Looping c) Inducing d) SlicingPreview
  15. Q15If one strand of DNA has the nitrogenous base sequence as ATCTS, what would be the complementary RNA strand sequence? a) ATCGU b) TTAGU c) U…Preview
  16. Q16Removal of RNA polymerase III from nucleoplasm will affect the synthesis of a) rRNA b) tRNA c) hnRNA d) mRNAPreview
  17. Q17DNA dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes transcription on one strand of the DNA which is called the a) Alpha strand b) Anti strand c) Template…Preview
  18. Q18Which of the following correctly represents the flow of genetic information? a) DNA -> RNA -> Protein b) RNA -> DNA -> Protein c) RNA -> Pro…Preview
  19. Q19Initiation codon is a) UUU b) UGA c) AUG d) UAGPreview
  20. Q20A eukaryotic gene contains two kinds of base sequences. Which of these plays an important role in protein synthesis? a) Introns b) Exons c)…Preview
  21. Q21Codon - anticodon interactions occur by a) Covalent bond b) Electrostatic interactions c) Hydrogen bonds d) Hydrophobic interactionPreview
  22. Q22Which of the following RNA polymerases is responsible for the transcription of protein coding genes in eukaryotes? a) RNA Pol I b) RNA Pol I…Preview
  23. Q23How are RNA molecules transported out of the nucleus? a) Passive diffusion through the membrane b) Through membrane pores in an energy indep…Preview
  24. Q24During translation the codon in mRNA is actually 'read' by a) The A site in the ribosomes b) The P site in the ribosomes c) The anticodon in…Preview
  25. Q25A complex of ribosome attached to a single strand of RNA is known as a) Polysome b) Polymer c) Polypeptide d) Okazaki fragmentPreview
  26. Q26Which of the following is the start codon? a) AUG b) UGA c) UAA d) UAGPreview
  27. Q27What is true about tRNA? a) It binds with an amino acid at its 3' end b) It has 5 double stranded regions c) It has a codon at one end which…Preview
  28. Q28Which one of the following hydrolyses internal phosphodiester bonds in a polynucleotide chain? a) Lipase b) Exonuclease c) Endonuclease d) P…Preview
  29. Q29DNA element with ability to change position is called a) Cistron b) Transposon c) Intron d) ReconPreview
  30. Q30Spliceosomes are not found in cells of a) Plants b) Fungi c) Animals d) BacteriaPreview
  31. Q31During DNA replication Okazaki fragments are used to elongate a) The leading strand towards replication fork b) The lagging strand towards r…Preview
  32. Q32When two different genes came from same parent they tend to remain together. i) What is the name of this phenomenon? ii) Draw the cross with…Preview
  33. Q33If you cross dominant genotype PV/PV male Drosophila with double recessive female and obtain F1 hybrid. Now you cross F1 male with double re…Preview
  34. Q34A three-point test cross in a plant gave the following results. S.no 1: Gamete type ABC, Number of progenies 349 S.no 2: Gamete type Abc, Nu…Preview
  35. Q35What is the difference between missense and nonsense mutation?Preview
  36. Q36The diagram below shows a normal chromosome with genes in the order A B C D E F G H I, and a second chromosome with genes in the order A B B…Preview
  37. Q37Write the salient features of Sutton and Boveri concept.Preview
  38. Q38Explain the mechanism of crossing over.Preview
  39. Q39Write the steps involved in molecular mechanism of DNA recombination with diagram.Preview
  40. Q40How is Nicotiana exhibit self-incompatibility? Explain its mechanism.Preview
  41. Q41How is sex determined in monoecious plants? Write the genes involved in it.Preview
  42. Q42What is gene mapping? Write its uses.Preview
  43. Q43Draw the diagram of different types of aneuploidy.Preview
  44. Q44Mention the name of man-made cereal. How is it formed?Preview
  45. Q45What is DNA repair?Preview
  46. Q46What is replication fork?Preview
  47. Q47Write about the energetics of DNA replication.Preview
  48. Q48What is TATA box?Preview
  49. Q49What is alternative splicing?Preview
  50. Q50What is coding strand?Preview
  51. Q51What are the enzymes involved in DNA replication in eukaryotes?Preview
  52. Q52Differentiate coding and non-coding strand.Preview
  53. Q53What are spliceosomes?Preview
  54. Q54What is meant by capping and tailing?Preview
  55. Q55What is RNA editing?Preview
  56. Q56Explain the DNA replication in eukaryotes.Preview
  57. Q57With reference to a gene diagram showing a promoter region, exons, introns and a terminator signal, correctly match the following: Column I…Preview
  58. Q58What attributes make Arabidopsis a suitable model plant for molecular genetic research?Preview
  59. Q59Describe the molecular mechanism of RNA modification.Preview
  60. Q60Explain ribosomal translocation in protein synthesis.Preview
  61. Q61Describe transposons.Preview
  62. Q62Describe RNA editing in plants.Preview
3.5.3

Sex Determination in Maize

Maize (Zea mays) is a classic example of a monoecious plant: separate male and female flowers develop on the same individual rather than on separate plants.

+Evaluation62 questions
  1. Q1An allohexaploidy contains a) Six different genomes b) Six copies of three different genomes c) Two copies of three different genomes d) Six…Free
  2. Q2The A and B genes are 10 cM apart on a chromosome. If an AB/ab heterozygote is testcrossed to ab/ab, how many of each progeny class would yo…Free
  3. Q3Match List I with List II. List I: A. A pair of chromosomes extra with diploid; B. One chromosome extra to the diploid; C. One chromosome lo…Free
  4. Q4Which of the following sentences are correct? 1. The offspring exhibit only parental combinations due to incomplete linkage 2. The linked ge…Preview
  5. Q5Accurate mapping of genes can be done by three point test cross because it increases a) Possibility of single cross over b) Possibility of d…Preview
  6. Q6Due to incomplete linkage in maize, the ratio of parental and recombinants are a) 50:50 b) 7:1:1:7 c) 96.4:3.6 d) 1:7:7:1Preview
  7. Q7Genes G S L H are located on same chromosome. The recombination percentage between L and G is 15%, S and L is 50%, H and S are 20%. The corr…Preview
  8. Q8The point mutation sequence for transition, transition, transversion and transversion in DNA are a) A to T, T to A, C to G and G to C b) A t…Preview
  9. Q9If haploid number in a cell is 18, the double monosomic and trisomic number will be a) 35 and 37 b) 34 and 35 c) 37 and 35 d) 17 and 19Preview
  10. Q10Changing the codon AGC to AGA represents a) missense mutation b) nonsense mutation c) frameshift mutation d) deletion mutationPreview
  11. Q11Assertion (A): Gamma rays are generally used to induce mutation in wheat varieties. Reason (R): Because they carry lower energy to non-ioniz…Preview
  12. Q12How many map units separate two alleles A and B if the recombination frequency is 0.09? a) 900 cM b) 90 cM c) 9 cM d) 0.9 cMPreview
  13. Q13Which one of the following pairs of codons is correctly matched with their function or the signal for the particular amino acid? a) UUA, UCA…Preview
  14. Q14Removal of introns and joining of exons in a defined order during transcription is called a) Splicing b) Looping c) Inducing d) SlicingPreview
  15. Q15If one strand of DNA has the nitrogenous base sequence as ATCTS, what would be the complementary RNA strand sequence? a) ATCGU b) TTAGU c) U…Preview
  16. Q16Removal of RNA polymerase III from nucleoplasm will affect the synthesis of a) rRNA b) tRNA c) hnRNA d) mRNAPreview
  17. Q17DNA dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes transcription on one strand of the DNA which is called the a) Alpha strand b) Anti strand c) Template…Preview
  18. Q18Which of the following correctly represents the flow of genetic information? a) DNA -> RNA -> Protein b) RNA -> DNA -> Protein c) RNA -> Pro…Preview
  19. Q19Initiation codon is a) UUU b) UGA c) AUG d) UAGPreview
  20. Q20A eukaryotic gene contains two kinds of base sequences. Which of these plays an important role in protein synthesis? a) Introns b) Exons c)…Preview
  21. Q21Codon - anticodon interactions occur by a) Covalent bond b) Electrostatic interactions c) Hydrogen bonds d) Hydrophobic interactionPreview
  22. Q22Which of the following RNA polymerases is responsible for the transcription of protein coding genes in eukaryotes? a) RNA Pol I b) RNA Pol I…Preview
  23. Q23How are RNA molecules transported out of the nucleus? a) Passive diffusion through the membrane b) Through membrane pores in an energy indep…Preview
  24. Q24During translation the codon in mRNA is actually 'read' by a) The A site in the ribosomes b) The P site in the ribosomes c) The anticodon in…Preview
  25. Q25A complex of ribosome attached to a single strand of RNA is known as a) Polysome b) Polymer c) Polypeptide d) Okazaki fragmentPreview
  26. Q26Which of the following is the start codon? a) AUG b) UGA c) UAA d) UAGPreview
  27. Q27What is true about tRNA? a) It binds with an amino acid at its 3' end b) It has 5 double stranded regions c) It has a codon at one end which…Preview
  28. Q28Which one of the following hydrolyses internal phosphodiester bonds in a polynucleotide chain? a) Lipase b) Exonuclease c) Endonuclease d) P…Preview
  29. Q29DNA element with ability to change position is called a) Cistron b) Transposon c) Intron d) ReconPreview
  30. Q30Spliceosomes are not found in cells of a) Plants b) Fungi c) Animals d) BacteriaPreview
  31. Q31During DNA replication Okazaki fragments are used to elongate a) The leading strand towards replication fork b) The lagging strand towards r…Preview
  32. Q32When two different genes came from same parent they tend to remain together. i) What is the name of this phenomenon? ii) Draw the cross with…Preview
  33. Q33If you cross dominant genotype PV/PV male Drosophila with double recessive female and obtain F1 hybrid. Now you cross F1 male with double re…Preview
  34. Q34A three-point test cross in a plant gave the following results. S.no 1: Gamete type ABC, Number of progenies 349 S.no 2: Gamete type Abc, Nu…Preview
  35. Q35What is the difference between missense and nonsense mutation?Preview
  36. Q36The diagram below shows a normal chromosome with genes in the order A B C D E F G H I, and a second chromosome with genes in the order A B B…Preview
  37. Q37Write the salient features of Sutton and Boveri concept.Preview
  38. Q38Explain the mechanism of crossing over.Preview
  39. Q39Write the steps involved in molecular mechanism of DNA recombination with diagram.Preview
  40. Q40How is Nicotiana exhibit self-incompatibility? Explain its mechanism.Preview
  41. Q41How is sex determined in monoecious plants? Write the genes involved in it.Preview
  42. Q42What is gene mapping? Write its uses.Preview
  43. Q43Draw the diagram of different types of aneuploidy.Preview
  44. Q44Mention the name of man-made cereal. How is it formed?Preview
  45. Q45What is DNA repair?Preview
  46. Q46What is replication fork?Preview
  47. Q47Write about the energetics of DNA replication.Preview
  48. Q48What is TATA box?Preview
  49. Q49What is alternative splicing?Preview
  50. Q50What is coding strand?Preview
  51. Q51What are the enzymes involved in DNA replication in eukaryotes?Preview
  52. Q52Differentiate coding and non-coding strand.Preview
  53. Q53What are spliceosomes?Preview
  54. Q54What is meant by capping and tailing?Preview
  55. Q55What is RNA editing?Preview
  56. Q56Explain the DNA replication in eukaryotes.Preview
  57. Q57With reference to a gene diagram showing a promoter region, exons, introns and a terminator signal, correctly match the following: Column I…Preview
  58. Q58What attributes make Arabidopsis a suitable model plant for molecular genetic research?Preview
  59. Q59Describe the molecular mechanism of RNA modification.Preview
  60. Q60Explain ribosomal translocation in protein synthesis.Preview
  61. Q61Describe transposons.Preview
  62. Q62Describe RNA editing in plants.Preview
3.6

Mutation

Genetic variation, the essential raw material that natural selection acts on during evolution, is generated by two distinct processes working together: recombination, covered in the preceding sections…

+Evaluation62 questions
  1. Q1An allohexaploidy contains a) Six different genomes b) Six copies of three different genomes c) Two copies of three different genomes d) Six…Free
  2. Q2The A and B genes are 10 cM apart on a chromosome. If an AB/ab heterozygote is testcrossed to ab/ab, how many of each progeny class would yo…Free
  3. Q3Match List I with List II. List I: A. A pair of chromosomes extra with diploid; B. One chromosome extra to the diploid; C. One chromosome lo…Free
  4. Q4Which of the following sentences are correct? 1. The offspring exhibit only parental combinations due to incomplete linkage 2. The linked ge…Preview
  5. Q5Accurate mapping of genes can be done by three point test cross because it increases a) Possibility of single cross over b) Possibility of d…Preview
  6. Q6Due to incomplete linkage in maize, the ratio of parental and recombinants are a) 50:50 b) 7:1:1:7 c) 96.4:3.6 d) 1:7:7:1Preview
  7. Q7Genes G S L H are located on same chromosome. The recombination percentage between L and G is 15%, S and L is 50%, H and S are 20%. The corr…Preview
  8. Q8The point mutation sequence for transition, transition, transversion and transversion in DNA are a) A to T, T to A, C to G and G to C b) A t…Preview
  9. Q9If haploid number in a cell is 18, the double monosomic and trisomic number will be a) 35 and 37 b) 34 and 35 c) 37 and 35 d) 17 and 19Preview
  10. Q10Changing the codon AGC to AGA represents a) missense mutation b) nonsense mutation c) frameshift mutation d) deletion mutationPreview
  11. Q11Assertion (A): Gamma rays are generally used to induce mutation in wheat varieties. Reason (R): Because they carry lower energy to non-ioniz…Preview
  12. Q12How many map units separate two alleles A and B if the recombination frequency is 0.09? a) 900 cM b) 90 cM c) 9 cM d) 0.9 cMPreview
  13. Q13Which one of the following pairs of codons is correctly matched with their function or the signal for the particular amino acid? a) UUA, UCA…Preview
  14. Q14Removal of introns and joining of exons in a defined order during transcription is called a) Splicing b) Looping c) Inducing d) SlicingPreview
  15. Q15If one strand of DNA has the nitrogenous base sequence as ATCTS, what would be the complementary RNA strand sequence? a) ATCGU b) TTAGU c) U…Preview
  16. Q16Removal of RNA polymerase III from nucleoplasm will affect the synthesis of a) rRNA b) tRNA c) hnRNA d) mRNAPreview
  17. Q17DNA dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes transcription on one strand of the DNA which is called the a) Alpha strand b) Anti strand c) Template…Preview
  18. Q18Which of the following correctly represents the flow of genetic information? a) DNA -> RNA -> Protein b) RNA -> DNA -> Protein c) RNA -> Pro…Preview
  19. Q19Initiation codon is a) UUU b) UGA c) AUG d) UAGPreview
  20. Q20A eukaryotic gene contains two kinds of base sequences. Which of these plays an important role in protein synthesis? a) Introns b) Exons c)…Preview
  21. Q21Codon - anticodon interactions occur by a) Covalent bond b) Electrostatic interactions c) Hydrogen bonds d) Hydrophobic interactionPreview
  22. Q22Which of the following RNA polymerases is responsible for the transcription of protein coding genes in eukaryotes? a) RNA Pol I b) RNA Pol I…Preview
  23. Q23How are RNA molecules transported out of the nucleus? a) Passive diffusion through the membrane b) Through membrane pores in an energy indep…Preview
  24. Q24During translation the codon in mRNA is actually 'read' by a) The A site in the ribosomes b) The P site in the ribosomes c) The anticodon in…Preview
  25. Q25A complex of ribosome attached to a single strand of RNA is known as a) Polysome b) Polymer c) Polypeptide d) Okazaki fragmentPreview
  26. Q26Which of the following is the start codon? a) AUG b) UGA c) UAA d) UAGPreview
  27. Q27What is true about tRNA? a) It binds with an amino acid at its 3' end b) It has 5 double stranded regions c) It has a codon at one end which…Preview
  28. Q28Which one of the following hydrolyses internal phosphodiester bonds in a polynucleotide chain? a) Lipase b) Exonuclease c) Endonuclease d) P…Preview
  29. Q29DNA element with ability to change position is called a) Cistron b) Transposon c) Intron d) ReconPreview
  30. Q30Spliceosomes are not found in cells of a) Plants b) Fungi c) Animals d) BacteriaPreview
  31. Q31During DNA replication Okazaki fragments are used to elongate a) The leading strand towards replication fork b) The lagging strand towards r…Preview
  32. Q32When two different genes came from same parent they tend to remain together. i) What is the name of this phenomenon? ii) Draw the cross with…Preview
  33. Q33If you cross dominant genotype PV/PV male Drosophila with double recessive female and obtain F1 hybrid. Now you cross F1 male with double re…Preview
  34. Q34A three-point test cross in a plant gave the following results. S.no 1: Gamete type ABC, Number of progenies 349 S.no 2: Gamete type Abc, Nu…Preview
  35. Q35What is the difference between missense and nonsense mutation?Preview
  36. Q36The diagram below shows a normal chromosome with genes in the order A B C D E F G H I, and a second chromosome with genes in the order A B B…Preview
  37. Q37Write the salient features of Sutton and Boveri concept.Preview
  38. Q38Explain the mechanism of crossing over.Preview
  39. Q39Write the steps involved in molecular mechanism of DNA recombination with diagram.Preview
  40. Q40How is Nicotiana exhibit self-incompatibility? Explain its mechanism.Preview
  41. Q41How is sex determined in monoecious plants? Write the genes involved in it.Preview
  42. Q42What is gene mapping? Write its uses.Preview
  43. Q43Draw the diagram of different types of aneuploidy.Preview
  44. Q44Mention the name of man-made cereal. How is it formed?Preview
  45. Q45What is DNA repair?Preview
  46. Q46What is replication fork?Preview
  47. Q47Write about the energetics of DNA replication.Preview
  48. Q48What is TATA box?Preview
  49. Q49What is alternative splicing?Preview
  50. Q50What is coding strand?Preview
  51. Q51What are the enzymes involved in DNA replication in eukaryotes?Preview
  52. Q52Differentiate coding and non-coding strand.Preview
  53. Q53What are spliceosomes?Preview
  54. Q54What is meant by capping and tailing?Preview
  55. Q55What is RNA editing?Preview
  56. Q56Explain the DNA replication in eukaryotes.Preview
  57. Q57With reference to a gene diagram showing a promoter region, exons, introns and a terminator signal, correctly match the following: Column I…Preview
  58. Q58What attributes make Arabidopsis a suitable model plant for molecular genetic research?Preview
  59. Q59Describe the molecular mechanism of RNA modification.Preview
  60. Q60Explain ribosomal translocation in protein synthesis.Preview
  61. Q61Describe transposons.Preview
  62. Q62Describe RNA editing in plants.Preview
3.6.1

Types of Mutation

Mutations can be classified along several independent dimensions simultaneously, and a single mutation is usually described using more than one of these categories at once.

+Evaluation62 questions
  1. Q1An allohexaploidy contains a) Six different genomes b) Six copies of three different genomes c) Two copies of three different genomes d) Six…Free
  2. Q2The A and B genes are 10 cM apart on a chromosome. If an AB/ab heterozygote is testcrossed to ab/ab, how many of each progeny class would yo…Free
  3. Q3Match List I with List II. List I: A. A pair of chromosomes extra with diploid; B. One chromosome extra to the diploid; C. One chromosome lo…Free
  4. Q4Which of the following sentences are correct? 1. The offspring exhibit only parental combinations due to incomplete linkage 2. The linked ge…Preview
  5. Q5Accurate mapping of genes can be done by three point test cross because it increases a) Possibility of single cross over b) Possibility of d…Preview
  6. Q6Due to incomplete linkage in maize, the ratio of parental and recombinants are a) 50:50 b) 7:1:1:7 c) 96.4:3.6 d) 1:7:7:1Preview
  7. Q7Genes G S L H are located on same chromosome. The recombination percentage between L and G is 15%, S and L is 50%, H and S are 20%. The corr…Preview
  8. Q8The point mutation sequence for transition, transition, transversion and transversion in DNA are a) A to T, T to A, C to G and G to C b) A t…Preview
  9. Q9If haploid number in a cell is 18, the double monosomic and trisomic number will be a) 35 and 37 b) 34 and 35 c) 37 and 35 d) 17 and 19Preview
  10. Q10Changing the codon AGC to AGA represents a) missense mutation b) nonsense mutation c) frameshift mutation d) deletion mutationPreview
  11. Q11Assertion (A): Gamma rays are generally used to induce mutation in wheat varieties. Reason (R): Because they carry lower energy to non-ioniz…Preview
  12. Q12How many map units separate two alleles A and B if the recombination frequency is 0.09? a) 900 cM b) 90 cM c) 9 cM d) 0.9 cMPreview
  13. Q13Which one of the following pairs of codons is correctly matched with their function or the signal for the particular amino acid? a) UUA, UCA…Preview
  14. Q14Removal of introns and joining of exons in a defined order during transcription is called a) Splicing b) Looping c) Inducing d) SlicingPreview
  15. Q15If one strand of DNA has the nitrogenous base sequence as ATCTS, what would be the complementary RNA strand sequence? a) ATCGU b) TTAGU c) U…Preview
  16. Q16Removal of RNA polymerase III from nucleoplasm will affect the synthesis of a) rRNA b) tRNA c) hnRNA d) mRNAPreview
  17. Q17DNA dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes transcription on one strand of the DNA which is called the a) Alpha strand b) Anti strand c) Template…Preview
  18. Q18Which of the following correctly represents the flow of genetic information? a) DNA -> RNA -> Protein b) RNA -> DNA -> Protein c) RNA -> Pro…Preview
  19. Q19Initiation codon is a) UUU b) UGA c) AUG d) UAGPreview
  20. Q20A eukaryotic gene contains two kinds of base sequences. Which of these plays an important role in protein synthesis? a) Introns b) Exons c)…Preview
  21. Q21Codon - anticodon interactions occur by a) Covalent bond b) Electrostatic interactions c) Hydrogen bonds d) Hydrophobic interactionPreview
  22. Q22Which of the following RNA polymerases is responsible for the transcription of protein coding genes in eukaryotes? a) RNA Pol I b) RNA Pol I…Preview
  23. Q23How are RNA molecules transported out of the nucleus? a) Passive diffusion through the membrane b) Through membrane pores in an energy indep…Preview
  24. Q24During translation the codon in mRNA is actually 'read' by a) The A site in the ribosomes b) The P site in the ribosomes c) The anticodon in…Preview
  25. Q25A complex of ribosome attached to a single strand of RNA is known as a) Polysome b) Polymer c) Polypeptide d) Okazaki fragmentPreview
  26. Q26Which of the following is the start codon? a) AUG b) UGA c) UAA d) UAGPreview
  27. Q27What is true about tRNA? a) It binds with an amino acid at its 3' end b) It has 5 double stranded regions c) It has a codon at one end which…Preview
  28. Q28Which one of the following hydrolyses internal phosphodiester bonds in a polynucleotide chain? a) Lipase b) Exonuclease c) Endonuclease d) P…Preview
  29. Q29DNA element with ability to change position is called a) Cistron b) Transposon c) Intron d) ReconPreview
  30. Q30Spliceosomes are not found in cells of a) Plants b) Fungi c) Animals d) BacteriaPreview
  31. Q31During DNA replication Okazaki fragments are used to elongate a) The leading strand towards replication fork b) The lagging strand towards r…Preview
  32. Q32When two different genes came from same parent they tend to remain together. i) What is the name of this phenomenon? ii) Draw the cross with…Preview
  33. Q33If you cross dominant genotype PV/PV male Drosophila with double recessive female and obtain F1 hybrid. Now you cross F1 male with double re…Preview
  34. Q34A three-point test cross in a plant gave the following results. S.no 1: Gamete type ABC, Number of progenies 349 S.no 2: Gamete type Abc, Nu…Preview
  35. Q35What is the difference between missense and nonsense mutation?Preview
  36. Q36The diagram below shows a normal chromosome with genes in the order A B C D E F G H I, and a second chromosome with genes in the order A B B…Preview
  37. Q37Write the salient features of Sutton and Boveri concept.Preview
  38. Q38Explain the mechanism of crossing over.Preview
  39. Q39Write the steps involved in molecular mechanism of DNA recombination with diagram.Preview
  40. Q40How is Nicotiana exhibit self-incompatibility? Explain its mechanism.Preview
  41. Q41How is sex determined in monoecious plants? Write the genes involved in it.Preview
  42. Q42What is gene mapping? Write its uses.Preview
  43. Q43Draw the diagram of different types of aneuploidy.Preview
  44. Q44Mention the name of man-made cereal. How is it formed?Preview
  45. Q45What is DNA repair?Preview
  46. Q46What is replication fork?Preview
  47. Q47Write about the energetics of DNA replication.Preview
  48. Q48What is TATA box?Preview
  49. Q49What is alternative splicing?Preview
  50. Q50What is coding strand?Preview
  51. Q51What are the enzymes involved in DNA replication in eukaryotes?Preview
  52. Q52Differentiate coding and non-coding strand.Preview
  53. Q53What are spliceosomes?Preview
  54. Q54What is meant by capping and tailing?Preview
  55. Q55What is RNA editing?Preview
  56. Q56Explain the DNA replication in eukaryotes.Preview
  57. Q57With reference to a gene diagram showing a promoter region, exons, introns and a terminator signal, correctly match the following: Column I…Preview
  58. Q58What attributes make Arabidopsis a suitable model plant for molecular genetic research?Preview
  59. Q59Describe the molecular mechanism of RNA modification.Preview
  60. Q60Explain ribosomal translocation in protein synthesis.Preview
  61. Q61Describe transposons.Preview
  62. Q62Describe RNA editing in plants.Preview
3.6.2

Mutagenic Agents

Any agent that raises the natural rate of mutation above its spontaneous background level is called a mutagen, and the process by which mutagens produce mutants is called mutagenesis.

+Evaluation62 questions
  1. Q1An allohexaploidy contains a) Six different genomes b) Six copies of three different genomes c) Two copies of three different genomes d) Six…Free
  2. Q2The A and B genes are 10 cM apart on a chromosome. If an AB/ab heterozygote is testcrossed to ab/ab, how many of each progeny class would yo…Free
  3. Q3Match List I with List II. List I: A. A pair of chromosomes extra with diploid; B. One chromosome extra to the diploid; C. One chromosome lo…Free
  4. Q4Which of the following sentences are correct? 1. The offspring exhibit only parental combinations due to incomplete linkage 2. The linked ge…Preview
  5. Q5Accurate mapping of genes can be done by three point test cross because it increases a) Possibility of single cross over b) Possibility of d…Preview
  6. Q6Due to incomplete linkage in maize, the ratio of parental and recombinants are a) 50:50 b) 7:1:1:7 c) 96.4:3.6 d) 1:7:7:1Preview
  7. Q7Genes G S L H are located on same chromosome. The recombination percentage between L and G is 15%, S and L is 50%, H and S are 20%. The corr…Preview
  8. Q8The point mutation sequence for transition, transition, transversion and transversion in DNA are a) A to T, T to A, C to G and G to C b) A t…Preview
  9. Q9If haploid number in a cell is 18, the double monosomic and trisomic number will be a) 35 and 37 b) 34 and 35 c) 37 and 35 d) 17 and 19Preview
  10. Q10Changing the codon AGC to AGA represents a) missense mutation b) nonsense mutation c) frameshift mutation d) deletion mutationPreview
  11. Q11Assertion (A): Gamma rays are generally used to induce mutation in wheat varieties. Reason (R): Because they carry lower energy to non-ioniz…Preview
  12. Q12How many map units separate two alleles A and B if the recombination frequency is 0.09? a) 900 cM b) 90 cM c) 9 cM d) 0.9 cMPreview
  13. Q13Which one of the following pairs of codons is correctly matched with their function or the signal for the particular amino acid? a) UUA, UCA…Preview
  14. Q14Removal of introns and joining of exons in a defined order during transcription is called a) Splicing b) Looping c) Inducing d) SlicingPreview
  15. Q15If one strand of DNA has the nitrogenous base sequence as ATCTS, what would be the complementary RNA strand sequence? a) ATCGU b) TTAGU c) U…Preview
  16. Q16Removal of RNA polymerase III from nucleoplasm will affect the synthesis of a) rRNA b) tRNA c) hnRNA d) mRNAPreview
  17. Q17DNA dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes transcription on one strand of the DNA which is called the a) Alpha strand b) Anti strand c) Template…Preview
  18. Q18Which of the following correctly represents the flow of genetic information? a) DNA -> RNA -> Protein b) RNA -> DNA -> Protein c) RNA -> Pro…Preview
  19. Q19Initiation codon is a) UUU b) UGA c) AUG d) UAGPreview
  20. Q20A eukaryotic gene contains two kinds of base sequences. Which of these plays an important role in protein synthesis? a) Introns b) Exons c)…Preview
  21. Q21Codon - anticodon interactions occur by a) Covalent bond b) Electrostatic interactions c) Hydrogen bonds d) Hydrophobic interactionPreview
  22. Q22Which of the following RNA polymerases is responsible for the transcription of protein coding genes in eukaryotes? a) RNA Pol I b) RNA Pol I…Preview
  23. Q23How are RNA molecules transported out of the nucleus? a) Passive diffusion through the membrane b) Through membrane pores in an energy indep…Preview
  24. Q24During translation the codon in mRNA is actually 'read' by a) The A site in the ribosomes b) The P site in the ribosomes c) The anticodon in…Preview
  25. Q25A complex of ribosome attached to a single strand of RNA is known as a) Polysome b) Polymer c) Polypeptide d) Okazaki fragmentPreview
  26. Q26Which of the following is the start codon? a) AUG b) UGA c) UAA d) UAGPreview
  27. Q27What is true about tRNA? a) It binds with an amino acid at its 3' end b) It has 5 double stranded regions c) It has a codon at one end which…Preview
  28. Q28Which one of the following hydrolyses internal phosphodiester bonds in a polynucleotide chain? a) Lipase b) Exonuclease c) Endonuclease d) P…Preview
  29. Q29DNA element with ability to change position is called a) Cistron b) Transposon c) Intron d) ReconPreview
  30. Q30Spliceosomes are not found in cells of a) Plants b) Fungi c) Animals d) BacteriaPreview
  31. Q31During DNA replication Okazaki fragments are used to elongate a) The leading strand towards replication fork b) The lagging strand towards r…Preview
  32. Q32When two different genes came from same parent they tend to remain together. i) What is the name of this phenomenon? ii) Draw the cross with…Preview
  33. Q33If you cross dominant genotype PV/PV male Drosophila with double recessive female and obtain F1 hybrid. Now you cross F1 male with double re…Preview
  34. Q34A three-point test cross in a plant gave the following results. S.no 1: Gamete type ABC, Number of progenies 349 S.no 2: Gamete type Abc, Nu…Preview
  35. Q35What is the difference between missense and nonsense mutation?Preview
  36. Q36The diagram below shows a normal chromosome with genes in the order A B C D E F G H I, and a second chromosome with genes in the order A B B…Preview
  37. Q37Write the salient features of Sutton and Boveri concept.Preview
  38. Q38Explain the mechanism of crossing over.Preview
  39. Q39Write the steps involved in molecular mechanism of DNA recombination with diagram.Preview
  40. Q40How is Nicotiana exhibit self-incompatibility? Explain its mechanism.Preview
  41. Q41How is sex determined in monoecious plants? Write the genes involved in it.Preview
  42. Q42What is gene mapping? Write its uses.Preview
  43. Q43Draw the diagram of different types of aneuploidy.Preview
  44. Q44Mention the name of man-made cereal. How is it formed?Preview
  45. Q45What is DNA repair?Preview
  46. Q46What is replication fork?Preview
  47. Q47Write about the energetics of DNA replication.Preview
  48. Q48What is TATA box?Preview
  49. Q49What is alternative splicing?Preview
  50. Q50What is coding strand?Preview
  51. Q51What are the enzymes involved in DNA replication in eukaryotes?Preview
  52. Q52Differentiate coding and non-coding strand.Preview
  53. Q53What are spliceosomes?Preview
  54. Q54What is meant by capping and tailing?Preview
  55. Q55What is RNA editing?Preview
  56. Q56Explain the DNA replication in eukaryotes.Preview
  57. Q57With reference to a gene diagram showing a promoter region, exons, introns and a terminator signal, correctly match the following: Column I…Preview
  58. Q58What attributes make Arabidopsis a suitable model plant for molecular genetic research?Preview
  59. Q59Describe the molecular mechanism of RNA modification.Preview
  60. Q60Explain ribosomal translocation in protein synthesis.Preview
  61. Q61Describe transposons.Preview
  62. Q62Describe RNA editing in plants.Preview
3.6.3

Chromosomal Mutations

Beyond changes confined to a single gene, the genetic material can also be altered on a much larger, chromosome-wide scale, either by changing how many chromosomes a cell has or by rearranging the int…

+Evaluation62 questions
  1. Q1An allohexaploidy contains a) Six different genomes b) Six copies of three different genomes c) Two copies of three different genomes d) Six…Free
  2. Q2The A and B genes are 10 cM apart on a chromosome. If an AB/ab heterozygote is testcrossed to ab/ab, how many of each progeny class would yo…Free
  3. Q3Match List I with List II. List I: A. A pair of chromosomes extra with diploid; B. One chromosome extra to the diploid; C. One chromosome lo…Free
  4. Q4Which of the following sentences are correct? 1. The offspring exhibit only parental combinations due to incomplete linkage 2. The linked ge…Preview
  5. Q5Accurate mapping of genes can be done by three point test cross because it increases a) Possibility of single cross over b) Possibility of d…Preview
  6. Q6Due to incomplete linkage in maize, the ratio of parental and recombinants are a) 50:50 b) 7:1:1:7 c) 96.4:3.6 d) 1:7:7:1Preview
  7. Q7Genes G S L H are located on same chromosome. The recombination percentage between L and G is 15%, S and L is 50%, H and S are 20%. The corr…Preview
  8. Q8The point mutation sequence for transition, transition, transversion and transversion in DNA are a) A to T, T to A, C to G and G to C b) A t…Preview
  9. Q9If haploid number in a cell is 18, the double monosomic and trisomic number will be a) 35 and 37 b) 34 and 35 c) 37 and 35 d) 17 and 19Preview
  10. Q10Changing the codon AGC to AGA represents a) missense mutation b) nonsense mutation c) frameshift mutation d) deletion mutationPreview
  11. Q11Assertion (A): Gamma rays are generally used to induce mutation in wheat varieties. Reason (R): Because they carry lower energy to non-ioniz…Preview
  12. Q12How many map units separate two alleles A and B if the recombination frequency is 0.09? a) 900 cM b) 90 cM c) 9 cM d) 0.9 cMPreview
  13. Q13Which one of the following pairs of codons is correctly matched with their function or the signal for the particular amino acid? a) UUA, UCA…Preview
  14. Q14Removal of introns and joining of exons in a defined order during transcription is called a) Splicing b) Looping c) Inducing d) SlicingPreview
  15. Q15If one strand of DNA has the nitrogenous base sequence as ATCTS, what would be the complementary RNA strand sequence? a) ATCGU b) TTAGU c) U…Preview
  16. Q16Removal of RNA polymerase III from nucleoplasm will affect the synthesis of a) rRNA b) tRNA c) hnRNA d) mRNAPreview
  17. Q17DNA dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes transcription on one strand of the DNA which is called the a) Alpha strand b) Anti strand c) Template…Preview
  18. Q18Which of the following correctly represents the flow of genetic information? a) DNA -> RNA -> Protein b) RNA -> DNA -> Protein c) RNA -> Pro…Preview
  19. Q19Initiation codon is a) UUU b) UGA c) AUG d) UAGPreview
  20. Q20A eukaryotic gene contains two kinds of base sequences. Which of these plays an important role in protein synthesis? a) Introns b) Exons c)…Preview
  21. Q21Codon - anticodon interactions occur by a) Covalent bond b) Electrostatic interactions c) Hydrogen bonds d) Hydrophobic interactionPreview
  22. Q22Which of the following RNA polymerases is responsible for the transcription of protein coding genes in eukaryotes? a) RNA Pol I b) RNA Pol I…Preview
  23. Q23How are RNA molecules transported out of the nucleus? a) Passive diffusion through the membrane b) Through membrane pores in an energy indep…Preview
  24. Q24During translation the codon in mRNA is actually 'read' by a) The A site in the ribosomes b) The P site in the ribosomes c) The anticodon in…Preview
  25. Q25A complex of ribosome attached to a single strand of RNA is known as a) Polysome b) Polymer c) Polypeptide d) Okazaki fragmentPreview
  26. Q26Which of the following is the start codon? a) AUG b) UGA c) UAA d) UAGPreview
  27. Q27What is true about tRNA? a) It binds with an amino acid at its 3' end b) It has 5 double stranded regions c) It has a codon at one end which…Preview
  28. Q28Which one of the following hydrolyses internal phosphodiester bonds in a polynucleotide chain? a) Lipase b) Exonuclease c) Endonuclease d) P…Preview
  29. Q29DNA element with ability to change position is called a) Cistron b) Transposon c) Intron d) ReconPreview
  30. Q30Spliceosomes are not found in cells of a) Plants b) Fungi c) Animals d) BacteriaPreview
  31. Q31During DNA replication Okazaki fragments are used to elongate a) The leading strand towards replication fork b) The lagging strand towards r…Preview
  32. Q32When two different genes came from same parent they tend to remain together. i) What is the name of this phenomenon? ii) Draw the cross with…Preview
  33. Q33If you cross dominant genotype PV/PV male Drosophila with double recessive female and obtain F1 hybrid. Now you cross F1 male with double re…Preview
  34. Q34A three-point test cross in a plant gave the following results. S.no 1: Gamete type ABC, Number of progenies 349 S.no 2: Gamete type Abc, Nu…Preview
  35. Q35What is the difference between missense and nonsense mutation?Preview
  36. Q36The diagram below shows a normal chromosome with genes in the order A B C D E F G H I, and a second chromosome with genes in the order A B B…Preview
  37. Q37Write the salient features of Sutton and Boveri concept.Preview
  38. Q38Explain the mechanism of crossing over.Preview
  39. Q39Write the steps involved in molecular mechanism of DNA recombination with diagram.Preview
  40. Q40How is Nicotiana exhibit self-incompatibility? Explain its mechanism.Preview
  41. Q41How is sex determined in monoecious plants? Write the genes involved in it.Preview
  42. Q42What is gene mapping? Write its uses.Preview
  43. Q43Draw the diagram of different types of aneuploidy.Preview
  44. Q44Mention the name of man-made cereal. How is it formed?Preview
  45. Q45What is DNA repair?Preview
  46. Q46What is replication fork?Preview
  47. Q47Write about the energetics of DNA replication.Preview
  48. Q48What is TATA box?Preview
  49. Q49What is alternative splicing?Preview
  50. Q50What is coding strand?Preview
  51. Q51What are the enzymes involved in DNA replication in eukaryotes?Preview
  52. Q52Differentiate coding and non-coding strand.Preview
  53. Q53What are spliceosomes?Preview
  54. Q54What is meant by capping and tailing?Preview
  55. Q55What is RNA editing?Preview
  56. Q56Explain the DNA replication in eukaryotes.Preview
  57. Q57With reference to a gene diagram showing a promoter region, exons, introns and a terminator signal, correctly match the following: Column I…Preview
  58. Q58What attributes make Arabidopsis a suitable model plant for molecular genetic research?Preview
  59. Q59Describe the molecular mechanism of RNA modification.Preview
  60. Q60Explain ribosomal translocation in protein synthesis.Preview
  61. Q61Describe transposons.Preview
  62. Q62Describe RNA editing in plants.Preview
3.6.4

Changes in Chromosome Number

A numerical chromosomal aberration, called ploidy, is any change in the number of chromosomes present in a cell, and it comes in two fundamentally different forms.

+Evaluation62 questions
  1. Q1An allohexaploidy contains a) Six different genomes b) Six copies of three different genomes c) Two copies of three different genomes d) Six…Free
  2. Q2The A and B genes are 10 cM apart on a chromosome. If an AB/ab heterozygote is testcrossed to ab/ab, how many of each progeny class would yo…Free
  3. Q3Match List I with List II. List I: A. A pair of chromosomes extra with diploid; B. One chromosome extra to the diploid; C. One chromosome lo…Free
  4. Q4Which of the following sentences are correct? 1. The offspring exhibit only parental combinations due to incomplete linkage 2. The linked ge…Preview
  5. Q5Accurate mapping of genes can be done by three point test cross because it increases a) Possibility of single cross over b) Possibility of d…Preview
  6. Q6Due to incomplete linkage in maize, the ratio of parental and recombinants are a) 50:50 b) 7:1:1:7 c) 96.4:3.6 d) 1:7:7:1Preview
  7. Q7Genes G S L H are located on same chromosome. The recombination percentage between L and G is 15%, S and L is 50%, H and S are 20%. The corr…Preview
  8. Q8The point mutation sequence for transition, transition, transversion and transversion in DNA are a) A to T, T to A, C to G and G to C b) A t…Preview
  9. Q9If haploid number in a cell is 18, the double monosomic and trisomic number will be a) 35 and 37 b) 34 and 35 c) 37 and 35 d) 17 and 19Preview
  10. Q10Changing the codon AGC to AGA represents a) missense mutation b) nonsense mutation c) frameshift mutation d) deletion mutationPreview
  11. Q11Assertion (A): Gamma rays are generally used to induce mutation in wheat varieties. Reason (R): Because they carry lower energy to non-ioniz…Preview
  12. Q12How many map units separate two alleles A and B if the recombination frequency is 0.09? a) 900 cM b) 90 cM c) 9 cM d) 0.9 cMPreview
  13. Q13Which one of the following pairs of codons is correctly matched with their function or the signal for the particular amino acid? a) UUA, UCA…Preview
  14. Q14Removal of introns and joining of exons in a defined order during transcription is called a) Splicing b) Looping c) Inducing d) SlicingPreview
  15. Q15If one strand of DNA has the nitrogenous base sequence as ATCTS, what would be the complementary RNA strand sequence? a) ATCGU b) TTAGU c) U…Preview
  16. Q16Removal of RNA polymerase III from nucleoplasm will affect the synthesis of a) rRNA b) tRNA c) hnRNA d) mRNAPreview
  17. Q17DNA dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes transcription on one strand of the DNA which is called the a) Alpha strand b) Anti strand c) Template…Preview
  18. Q18Which of the following correctly represents the flow of genetic information? a) DNA -> RNA -> Protein b) RNA -> DNA -> Protein c) RNA -> Pro…Preview
  19. Q19Initiation codon is a) UUU b) UGA c) AUG d) UAGPreview
  20. Q20A eukaryotic gene contains two kinds of base sequences. Which of these plays an important role in protein synthesis? a) Introns b) Exons c)…Preview
  21. Q21Codon - anticodon interactions occur by a) Covalent bond b) Electrostatic interactions c) Hydrogen bonds d) Hydrophobic interactionPreview
  22. Q22Which of the following RNA polymerases is responsible for the transcription of protein coding genes in eukaryotes? a) RNA Pol I b) RNA Pol I…Preview
  23. Q23How are RNA molecules transported out of the nucleus? a) Passive diffusion through the membrane b) Through membrane pores in an energy indep…Preview
  24. Q24During translation the codon in mRNA is actually 'read' by a) The A site in the ribosomes b) The P site in the ribosomes c) The anticodon in…Preview
  25. Q25A complex of ribosome attached to a single strand of RNA is known as a) Polysome b) Polymer c) Polypeptide d) Okazaki fragmentPreview
  26. Q26Which of the following is the start codon? a) AUG b) UGA c) UAA d) UAGPreview
  27. Q27What is true about tRNA? a) It binds with an amino acid at its 3' end b) It has 5 double stranded regions c) It has a codon at one end which…Preview
  28. Q28Which one of the following hydrolyses internal phosphodiester bonds in a polynucleotide chain? a) Lipase b) Exonuclease c) Endonuclease d) P…Preview
  29. Q29DNA element with ability to change position is called a) Cistron b) Transposon c) Intron d) ReconPreview
  30. Q30Spliceosomes are not found in cells of a) Plants b) Fungi c) Animals d) BacteriaPreview
  31. Q31During DNA replication Okazaki fragments are used to elongate a) The leading strand towards replication fork b) The lagging strand towards r…Preview
  32. Q32When two different genes came from same parent they tend to remain together. i) What is the name of this phenomenon? ii) Draw the cross with…Preview
  33. Q33If you cross dominant genotype PV/PV male Drosophila with double recessive female and obtain F1 hybrid. Now you cross F1 male with double re…Preview
  34. Q34A three-point test cross in a plant gave the following results. S.no 1: Gamete type ABC, Number of progenies 349 S.no 2: Gamete type Abc, Nu…Preview
  35. Q35What is the difference between missense and nonsense mutation?Preview
  36. Q36The diagram below shows a normal chromosome with genes in the order A B C D E F G H I, and a second chromosome with genes in the order A B B…Preview
  37. Q37Write the salient features of Sutton and Boveri concept.Preview
  38. Q38Explain the mechanism of crossing over.Preview
  39. Q39Write the steps involved in molecular mechanism of DNA recombination with diagram.Preview
  40. Q40How is Nicotiana exhibit self-incompatibility? Explain its mechanism.Preview
  41. Q41How is sex determined in monoecious plants? Write the genes involved in it.Preview
  42. Q42What is gene mapping? Write its uses.Preview
  43. Q43Draw the diagram of different types of aneuploidy.Preview
  44. Q44Mention the name of man-made cereal. How is it formed?Preview
  45. Q45What is DNA repair?Preview
  46. Q46What is replication fork?Preview
  47. Q47Write about the energetics of DNA replication.Preview
  48. Q48What is TATA box?Preview
  49. Q49What is alternative splicing?Preview
  50. Q50What is coding strand?Preview
  51. Q51What are the enzymes involved in DNA replication in eukaryotes?Preview
  52. Q52Differentiate coding and non-coding strand.Preview
  53. Q53What are spliceosomes?Preview
  54. Q54What is meant by capping and tailing?Preview
  55. Q55What is RNA editing?Preview
  56. Q56Explain the DNA replication in eukaryotes.Preview
  57. Q57With reference to a gene diagram showing a promoter region, exons, introns and a terminator signal, correctly match the following: Column I…Preview
  58. Q58What attributes make Arabidopsis a suitable model plant for molecular genetic research?Preview
  59. Q59Describe the molecular mechanism of RNA modification.Preview
  60. Q60Explain ribosomal translocation in protein synthesis.Preview
  61. Q61Describe transposons.Preview
  62. Q62Describe RNA editing in plants.Preview
3.6.5

Structural Changes in Chromosome

A structural chromosomal aberration rearranges the genes located on a chromosome, without necessarily changing the overall chromosome count, and arises when a chromosome breaks (typically because of i…

+Evaluation62 questions
  1. Q1An allohexaploidy contains a) Six different genomes b) Six copies of three different genomes c) Two copies of three different genomes d) Six…Free
  2. Q2The A and B genes are 10 cM apart on a chromosome. If an AB/ab heterozygote is testcrossed to ab/ab, how many of each progeny class would yo…Free
  3. Q3Match List I with List II. List I: A. A pair of chromosomes extra with diploid; B. One chromosome extra to the diploid; C. One chromosome lo…Free
  4. Q4Which of the following sentences are correct? 1. The offspring exhibit only parental combinations due to incomplete linkage 2. The linked ge…Preview
  5. Q5Accurate mapping of genes can be done by three point test cross because it increases a) Possibility of single cross over b) Possibility of d…Preview
  6. Q6Due to incomplete linkage in maize, the ratio of parental and recombinants are a) 50:50 b) 7:1:1:7 c) 96.4:3.6 d) 1:7:7:1Preview
  7. Q7Genes G S L H are located on same chromosome. The recombination percentage between L and G is 15%, S and L is 50%, H and S are 20%. The corr…Preview
  8. Q8The point mutation sequence for transition, transition, transversion and transversion in DNA are a) A to T, T to A, C to G and G to C b) A t…Preview
  9. Q9If haploid number in a cell is 18, the double monosomic and trisomic number will be a) 35 and 37 b) 34 and 35 c) 37 and 35 d) 17 and 19Preview
  10. Q10Changing the codon AGC to AGA represents a) missense mutation b) nonsense mutation c) frameshift mutation d) deletion mutationPreview
  11. Q11Assertion (A): Gamma rays are generally used to induce mutation in wheat varieties. Reason (R): Because they carry lower energy to non-ioniz…Preview
  12. Q12How many map units separate two alleles A and B if the recombination frequency is 0.09? a) 900 cM b) 90 cM c) 9 cM d) 0.9 cMPreview
  13. Q13Which one of the following pairs of codons is correctly matched with their function or the signal for the particular amino acid? a) UUA, UCA…Preview
  14. Q14Removal of introns and joining of exons in a defined order during transcription is called a) Splicing b) Looping c) Inducing d) SlicingPreview
  15. Q15If one strand of DNA has the nitrogenous base sequence as ATCTS, what would be the complementary RNA strand sequence? a) ATCGU b) TTAGU c) U…Preview
  16. Q16Removal of RNA polymerase III from nucleoplasm will affect the synthesis of a) rRNA b) tRNA c) hnRNA d) mRNAPreview
  17. Q17DNA dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes transcription on one strand of the DNA which is called the a) Alpha strand b) Anti strand c) Template…Preview
  18. Q18Which of the following correctly represents the flow of genetic information? a) DNA -> RNA -> Protein b) RNA -> DNA -> Protein c) RNA -> Pro…Preview
  19. Q19Initiation codon is a) UUU b) UGA c) AUG d) UAGPreview
  20. Q20A eukaryotic gene contains two kinds of base sequences. Which of these plays an important role in protein synthesis? a) Introns b) Exons c)…Preview
  21. Q21Codon - anticodon interactions occur by a) Covalent bond b) Electrostatic interactions c) Hydrogen bonds d) Hydrophobic interactionPreview
  22. Q22Which of the following RNA polymerases is responsible for the transcription of protein coding genes in eukaryotes? a) RNA Pol I b) RNA Pol I…Preview
  23. Q23How are RNA molecules transported out of the nucleus? a) Passive diffusion through the membrane b) Through membrane pores in an energy indep…Preview
  24. Q24During translation the codon in mRNA is actually 'read' by a) The A site in the ribosomes b) The P site in the ribosomes c) The anticodon in…Preview
  25. Q25A complex of ribosome attached to a single strand of RNA is known as a) Polysome b) Polymer c) Polypeptide d) Okazaki fragmentPreview
  26. Q26Which of the following is the start codon? a) AUG b) UGA c) UAA d) UAGPreview
  27. Q27What is true about tRNA? a) It binds with an amino acid at its 3' end b) It has 5 double stranded regions c) It has a codon at one end which…Preview
  28. Q28Which one of the following hydrolyses internal phosphodiester bonds in a polynucleotide chain? a) Lipase b) Exonuclease c) Endonuclease d) P…Preview
  29. Q29DNA element with ability to change position is called a) Cistron b) Transposon c) Intron d) ReconPreview
  30. Q30Spliceosomes are not found in cells of a) Plants b) Fungi c) Animals d) BacteriaPreview
  31. Q31During DNA replication Okazaki fragments are used to elongate a) The leading strand towards replication fork b) The lagging strand towards r…Preview
  32. Q32When two different genes came from same parent they tend to remain together. i) What is the name of this phenomenon? ii) Draw the cross with…Preview
  33. Q33If you cross dominant genotype PV/PV male Drosophila with double recessive female and obtain F1 hybrid. Now you cross F1 male with double re…Preview
  34. Q34A three-point test cross in a plant gave the following results. S.no 1: Gamete type ABC, Number of progenies 349 S.no 2: Gamete type Abc, Nu…Preview
  35. Q35What is the difference between missense and nonsense mutation?Preview
  36. Q36The diagram below shows a normal chromosome with genes in the order A B C D E F G H I, and a second chromosome with genes in the order A B B…Preview
  37. Q37Write the salient features of Sutton and Boveri concept.Preview
  38. Q38Explain the mechanism of crossing over.Preview
  39. Q39Write the steps involved in molecular mechanism of DNA recombination with diagram.Preview
  40. Q40How is Nicotiana exhibit self-incompatibility? Explain its mechanism.Preview
  41. Q41How is sex determined in monoecious plants? Write the genes involved in it.Preview
  42. Q42What is gene mapping? Write its uses.Preview
  43. Q43Draw the diagram of different types of aneuploidy.Preview
  44. Q44Mention the name of man-made cereal. How is it formed?Preview
  45. Q45What is DNA repair?Preview
  46. Q46What is replication fork?Preview
  47. Q47Write about the energetics of DNA replication.Preview
  48. Q48What is TATA box?Preview
  49. Q49What is alternative splicing?Preview
  50. Q50What is coding strand?Preview
  51. Q51What are the enzymes involved in DNA replication in eukaryotes?Preview
  52. Q52Differentiate coding and non-coding strand.Preview
  53. Q53What are spliceosomes?Preview
  54. Q54What is meant by capping and tailing?Preview
  55. Q55What is RNA editing?Preview
  56. Q56Explain the DNA replication in eukaryotes.Preview
  57. Q57With reference to a gene diagram showing a promoter region, exons, introns and a terminator signal, correctly match the following: Column I…Preview
  58. Q58What attributes make Arabidopsis a suitable model plant for molecular genetic research?Preview
  59. Q59Describe the molecular mechanism of RNA modification.Preview
  60. Q60Explain ribosomal translocation in protein synthesis.Preview
  61. Q61Describe transposons.Preview
  62. Q62Describe RNA editing in plants.Preview
3.7

DNA Metabolism in Plants

DNA occupies a central position among all biological macromolecules because it is the actual physical repository of an organism's genetic information, and its double-helical structure is remarkably we…

+Evaluation62 questions
  1. Q1An allohexaploidy contains a) Six different genomes b) Six copies of three different genomes c) Two copies of three different genomes d) Six…Free
  2. Q2The A and B genes are 10 cM apart on a chromosome. If an AB/ab heterozygote is testcrossed to ab/ab, how many of each progeny class would yo…Free
  3. Q3Match List I with List II. List I: A. A pair of chromosomes extra with diploid; B. One chromosome extra to the diploid; C. One chromosome lo…Free
  4. Q4Which of the following sentences are correct? 1. The offspring exhibit only parental combinations due to incomplete linkage 2. The linked ge…Preview
  5. Q5Accurate mapping of genes can be done by three point test cross because it increases a) Possibility of single cross over b) Possibility of d…Preview
  6. Q6Due to incomplete linkage in maize, the ratio of parental and recombinants are a) 50:50 b) 7:1:1:7 c) 96.4:3.6 d) 1:7:7:1Preview
  7. Q7Genes G S L H are located on same chromosome. The recombination percentage between L and G is 15%, S and L is 50%, H and S are 20%. The corr…Preview
  8. Q8The point mutation sequence for transition, transition, transversion and transversion in DNA are a) A to T, T to A, C to G and G to C b) A t…Preview
  9. Q9If haploid number in a cell is 18, the double monosomic and trisomic number will be a) 35 and 37 b) 34 and 35 c) 37 and 35 d) 17 and 19Preview
  10. Q10Changing the codon AGC to AGA represents a) missense mutation b) nonsense mutation c) frameshift mutation d) deletion mutationPreview
  11. Q11Assertion (A): Gamma rays are generally used to induce mutation in wheat varieties. Reason (R): Because they carry lower energy to non-ioniz…Preview
  12. Q12How many map units separate two alleles A and B if the recombination frequency is 0.09? a) 900 cM b) 90 cM c) 9 cM d) 0.9 cMPreview
  13. Q13Which one of the following pairs of codons is correctly matched with their function or the signal for the particular amino acid? a) UUA, UCA…Preview
  14. Q14Removal of introns and joining of exons in a defined order during transcription is called a) Splicing b) Looping c) Inducing d) SlicingPreview
  15. Q15If one strand of DNA has the nitrogenous base sequence as ATCTS, what would be the complementary RNA strand sequence? a) ATCGU b) TTAGU c) U…Preview
  16. Q16Removal of RNA polymerase III from nucleoplasm will affect the synthesis of a) rRNA b) tRNA c) hnRNA d) mRNAPreview
  17. Q17DNA dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes transcription on one strand of the DNA which is called the a) Alpha strand b) Anti strand c) Template…Preview
  18. Q18Which of the following correctly represents the flow of genetic information? a) DNA -> RNA -> Protein b) RNA -> DNA -> Protein c) RNA -> Pro…Preview
  19. Q19Initiation codon is a) UUU b) UGA c) AUG d) UAGPreview
  20. Q20A eukaryotic gene contains two kinds of base sequences. Which of these plays an important role in protein synthesis? a) Introns b) Exons c)…Preview
  21. Q21Codon - anticodon interactions occur by a) Covalent bond b) Electrostatic interactions c) Hydrogen bonds d) Hydrophobic interactionPreview
  22. Q22Which of the following RNA polymerases is responsible for the transcription of protein coding genes in eukaryotes? a) RNA Pol I b) RNA Pol I…Preview
  23. Q23How are RNA molecules transported out of the nucleus? a) Passive diffusion through the membrane b) Through membrane pores in an energy indep…Preview
  24. Q24During translation the codon in mRNA is actually 'read' by a) The A site in the ribosomes b) The P site in the ribosomes c) The anticodon in…Preview
  25. Q25A complex of ribosome attached to a single strand of RNA is known as a) Polysome b) Polymer c) Polypeptide d) Okazaki fragmentPreview
  26. Q26Which of the following is the start codon? a) AUG b) UGA c) UAA d) UAGPreview
  27. Q27What is true about tRNA? a) It binds with an amino acid at its 3' end b) It has 5 double stranded regions c) It has a codon at one end which…Preview
  28. Q28Which one of the following hydrolyses internal phosphodiester bonds in a polynucleotide chain? a) Lipase b) Exonuclease c) Endonuclease d) P…Preview
  29. Q29DNA element with ability to change position is called a) Cistron b) Transposon c) Intron d) ReconPreview
  30. Q30Spliceosomes are not found in cells of a) Plants b) Fungi c) Animals d) BacteriaPreview
  31. Q31During DNA replication Okazaki fragments are used to elongate a) The leading strand towards replication fork b) The lagging strand towards r…Preview
  32. Q32When two different genes came from same parent they tend to remain together. i) What is the name of this phenomenon? ii) Draw the cross with…Preview
  33. Q33If you cross dominant genotype PV/PV male Drosophila with double recessive female and obtain F1 hybrid. Now you cross F1 male with double re…Preview
  34. Q34A three-point test cross in a plant gave the following results. S.no 1: Gamete type ABC, Number of progenies 349 S.no 2: Gamete type Abc, Nu…Preview
  35. Q35What is the difference between missense and nonsense mutation?Preview
  36. Q36The diagram below shows a normal chromosome with genes in the order A B C D E F G H I, and a second chromosome with genes in the order A B B…Preview
  37. Q37Write the salient features of Sutton and Boveri concept.Preview
  38. Q38Explain the mechanism of crossing over.Preview
  39. Q39Write the steps involved in molecular mechanism of DNA recombination with diagram.Preview
  40. Q40How is Nicotiana exhibit self-incompatibility? Explain its mechanism.Preview
  41. Q41How is sex determined in monoecious plants? Write the genes involved in it.Preview
  42. Q42What is gene mapping? Write its uses.Preview
  43. Q43Draw the diagram of different types of aneuploidy.Preview
  44. Q44Mention the name of man-made cereal. How is it formed?Preview
  45. Q45What is DNA repair?Preview
  46. Q46What is replication fork?Preview
  47. Q47Write about the energetics of DNA replication.Preview
  48. Q48What is TATA box?Preview
  49. Q49What is alternative splicing?Preview
  50. Q50What is coding strand?Preview
  51. Q51What are the enzymes involved in DNA replication in eukaryotes?Preview
  52. Q52Differentiate coding and non-coding strand.Preview
  53. Q53What are spliceosomes?Preview
  54. Q54What is meant by capping and tailing?Preview
  55. Q55What is RNA editing?Preview
  56. Q56Explain the DNA replication in eukaryotes.Preview
  57. Q57With reference to a gene diagram showing a promoter region, exons, introns and a terminator signal, correctly match the following: Column I…Preview
  58. Q58What attributes make Arabidopsis a suitable model plant for molecular genetic research?Preview
  59. Q59Describe the molecular mechanism of RNA modification.Preview
  60. Q60Explain ribosomal translocation in protein synthesis.Preview
  61. Q61Describe transposons.Preview
  62. Q62Describe RNA editing in plants.Preview
3.7.1

Eukaryotic DNA Replication

DNA replication follows a semiconservative mechanism: within the double helix, the two parental strands separate from each other, and each individual parental strand then serves as the template on whi…

+Evaluation62 questions
  1. Q1An allohexaploidy contains a) Six different genomes b) Six copies of three different genomes c) Two copies of three different genomes d) Six…Free
  2. Q2The A and B genes are 10 cM apart on a chromosome. If an AB/ab heterozygote is testcrossed to ab/ab, how many of each progeny class would yo…Free
  3. Q3Match List I with List II. List I: A. A pair of chromosomes extra with diploid; B. One chromosome extra to the diploid; C. One chromosome lo…Free
  4. Q4Which of the following sentences are correct? 1. The offspring exhibit only parental combinations due to incomplete linkage 2. The linked ge…Preview
  5. Q5Accurate mapping of genes can be done by three point test cross because it increases a) Possibility of single cross over b) Possibility of d…Preview
  6. Q6Due to incomplete linkage in maize, the ratio of parental and recombinants are a) 50:50 b) 7:1:1:7 c) 96.4:3.6 d) 1:7:7:1Preview
  7. Q7Genes G S L H are located on same chromosome. The recombination percentage between L and G is 15%, S and L is 50%, H and S are 20%. The corr…Preview
  8. Q8The point mutation sequence for transition, transition, transversion and transversion in DNA are a) A to T, T to A, C to G and G to C b) A t…Preview
  9. Q9If haploid number in a cell is 18, the double monosomic and trisomic number will be a) 35 and 37 b) 34 and 35 c) 37 and 35 d) 17 and 19Preview
  10. Q10Changing the codon AGC to AGA represents a) missense mutation b) nonsense mutation c) frameshift mutation d) deletion mutationPreview
  11. Q11Assertion (A): Gamma rays are generally used to induce mutation in wheat varieties. Reason (R): Because they carry lower energy to non-ioniz…Preview
  12. Q12How many map units separate two alleles A and B if the recombination frequency is 0.09? a) 900 cM b) 90 cM c) 9 cM d) 0.9 cMPreview
  13. Q13Which one of the following pairs of codons is correctly matched with their function or the signal for the particular amino acid? a) UUA, UCA…Preview
  14. Q14Removal of introns and joining of exons in a defined order during transcription is called a) Splicing b) Looping c) Inducing d) SlicingPreview
  15. Q15If one strand of DNA has the nitrogenous base sequence as ATCTS, what would be the complementary RNA strand sequence? a) ATCGU b) TTAGU c) U…Preview
  16. Q16Removal of RNA polymerase III from nucleoplasm will affect the synthesis of a) rRNA b) tRNA c) hnRNA d) mRNAPreview
  17. Q17DNA dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes transcription on one strand of the DNA which is called the a) Alpha strand b) Anti strand c) Template…Preview
  18. Q18Which of the following correctly represents the flow of genetic information? a) DNA -> RNA -> Protein b) RNA -> DNA -> Protein c) RNA -> Pro…Preview
  19. Q19Initiation codon is a) UUU b) UGA c) AUG d) UAGPreview
  20. Q20A eukaryotic gene contains two kinds of base sequences. Which of these plays an important role in protein synthesis? a) Introns b) Exons c)…Preview
  21. Q21Codon - anticodon interactions occur by a) Covalent bond b) Electrostatic interactions c) Hydrogen bonds d) Hydrophobic interactionPreview
  22. Q22Which of the following RNA polymerases is responsible for the transcription of protein coding genes in eukaryotes? a) RNA Pol I b) RNA Pol I…Preview
  23. Q23How are RNA molecules transported out of the nucleus? a) Passive diffusion through the membrane b) Through membrane pores in an energy indep…Preview
  24. Q24During translation the codon in mRNA is actually 'read' by a) The A site in the ribosomes b) The P site in the ribosomes c) The anticodon in…Preview
  25. Q25A complex of ribosome attached to a single strand of RNA is known as a) Polysome b) Polymer c) Polypeptide d) Okazaki fragmentPreview
  26. Q26Which of the following is the start codon? a) AUG b) UGA c) UAA d) UAGPreview
  27. Q27What is true about tRNA? a) It binds with an amino acid at its 3' end b) It has 5 double stranded regions c) It has a codon at one end which…Preview
  28. Q28Which one of the following hydrolyses internal phosphodiester bonds in a polynucleotide chain? a) Lipase b) Exonuclease c) Endonuclease d) P…Preview
  29. Q29DNA element with ability to change position is called a) Cistron b) Transposon c) Intron d) ReconPreview
  30. Q30Spliceosomes are not found in cells of a) Plants b) Fungi c) Animals d) BacteriaPreview
  31. Q31During DNA replication Okazaki fragments are used to elongate a) The leading strand towards replication fork b) The lagging strand towards r…Preview
  32. Q32When two different genes came from same parent they tend to remain together. i) What is the name of this phenomenon? ii) Draw the cross with…Preview
  33. Q33If you cross dominant genotype PV/PV male Drosophila with double recessive female and obtain F1 hybrid. Now you cross F1 male with double re…Preview
  34. Q34A three-point test cross in a plant gave the following results. S.no 1: Gamete type ABC, Number of progenies 349 S.no 2: Gamete type Abc, Nu…Preview
  35. Q35What is the difference between missense and nonsense mutation?Preview
  36. Q36The diagram below shows a normal chromosome with genes in the order A B C D E F G H I, and a second chromosome with genes in the order A B B…Preview
  37. Q37Write the salient features of Sutton and Boveri concept.Preview
  38. Q38Explain the mechanism of crossing over.Preview
  39. Q39Write the steps involved in molecular mechanism of DNA recombination with diagram.Preview
  40. Q40How is Nicotiana exhibit self-incompatibility? Explain its mechanism.Preview
  41. Q41How is sex determined in monoecious plants? Write the genes involved in it.Preview
  42. Q42What is gene mapping? Write its uses.Preview
  43. Q43Draw the diagram of different types of aneuploidy.Preview
  44. Q44Mention the name of man-made cereal. How is it formed?Preview
  45. Q45What is DNA repair?Preview
  46. Q46What is replication fork?Preview
  47. Q47Write about the energetics of DNA replication.Preview
  48. Q48What is TATA box?Preview
  49. Q49What is alternative splicing?Preview
  50. Q50What is coding strand?Preview
  51. Q51What are the enzymes involved in DNA replication in eukaryotes?Preview
  52. Q52Differentiate coding and non-coding strand.Preview
  53. Q53What are spliceosomes?Preview
  54. Q54What is meant by capping and tailing?Preview
  55. Q55What is RNA editing?Preview
  56. Q56Explain the DNA replication in eukaryotes.Preview
  57. Q57With reference to a gene diagram showing a promoter region, exons, introns and a terminator signal, correctly match the following: Column I…Preview
  58. Q58What attributes make Arabidopsis a suitable model plant for molecular genetic research?Preview
  59. Q59Describe the molecular mechanism of RNA modification.Preview
  60. Q60Explain ribosomal translocation in protein synthesis.Preview
  61. Q61Describe transposons.Preview
  62. Q62Describe RNA editing in plants.Preview
3.7.2

Experimental Evidence of DNA Replication: Taylor's Experiment

The semiconservative model of DNA replication, though logically elegant, still needed direct experimental proof, which J.

+Evaluation62 questions
  1. Q1An allohexaploidy contains a) Six different genomes b) Six copies of three different genomes c) Two copies of three different genomes d) Six…Free
  2. Q2The A and B genes are 10 cM apart on a chromosome. If an AB/ab heterozygote is testcrossed to ab/ab, how many of each progeny class would yo…Free
  3. Q3Match List I with List II. List I: A. A pair of chromosomes extra with diploid; B. One chromosome extra to the diploid; C. One chromosome lo…Free
  4. Q4Which of the following sentences are correct? 1. The offspring exhibit only parental combinations due to incomplete linkage 2. The linked ge…Preview
  5. Q5Accurate mapping of genes can be done by three point test cross because it increases a) Possibility of single cross over b) Possibility of d…Preview
  6. Q6Due to incomplete linkage in maize, the ratio of parental and recombinants are a) 50:50 b) 7:1:1:7 c) 96.4:3.6 d) 1:7:7:1Preview
  7. Q7Genes G S L H are located on same chromosome. The recombination percentage between L and G is 15%, S and L is 50%, H and S are 20%. The corr…Preview
  8. Q8The point mutation sequence for transition, transition, transversion and transversion in DNA are a) A to T, T to A, C to G and G to C b) A t…Preview
  9. Q9If haploid number in a cell is 18, the double monosomic and trisomic number will be a) 35 and 37 b) 34 and 35 c) 37 and 35 d) 17 and 19Preview
  10. Q10Changing the codon AGC to AGA represents a) missense mutation b) nonsense mutation c) frameshift mutation d) deletion mutationPreview
  11. Q11Assertion (A): Gamma rays are generally used to induce mutation in wheat varieties. Reason (R): Because they carry lower energy to non-ioniz…Preview
  12. Q12How many map units separate two alleles A and B if the recombination frequency is 0.09? a) 900 cM b) 90 cM c) 9 cM d) 0.9 cMPreview
  13. Q13Which one of the following pairs of codons is correctly matched with their function or the signal for the particular amino acid? a) UUA, UCA…Preview
  14. Q14Removal of introns and joining of exons in a defined order during transcription is called a) Splicing b) Looping c) Inducing d) SlicingPreview
  15. Q15If one strand of DNA has the nitrogenous base sequence as ATCTS, what would be the complementary RNA strand sequence? a) ATCGU b) TTAGU c) U…Preview
  16. Q16Removal of RNA polymerase III from nucleoplasm will affect the synthesis of a) rRNA b) tRNA c) hnRNA d) mRNAPreview
  17. Q17DNA dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes transcription on one strand of the DNA which is called the a) Alpha strand b) Anti strand c) Template…Preview
  18. Q18Which of the following correctly represents the flow of genetic information? a) DNA -> RNA -> Protein b) RNA -> DNA -> Protein c) RNA -> Pro…Preview
  19. Q19Initiation codon is a) UUU b) UGA c) AUG d) UAGPreview
  20. Q20A eukaryotic gene contains two kinds of base sequences. Which of these plays an important role in protein synthesis? a) Introns b) Exons c)…Preview
  21. Q21Codon - anticodon interactions occur by a) Covalent bond b) Electrostatic interactions c) Hydrogen bonds d) Hydrophobic interactionPreview
  22. Q22Which of the following RNA polymerases is responsible for the transcription of protein coding genes in eukaryotes? a) RNA Pol I b) RNA Pol I…Preview
  23. Q23How are RNA molecules transported out of the nucleus? a) Passive diffusion through the membrane b) Through membrane pores in an energy indep…Preview
  24. Q24During translation the codon in mRNA is actually 'read' by a) The A site in the ribosomes b) The P site in the ribosomes c) The anticodon in…Preview
  25. Q25A complex of ribosome attached to a single strand of RNA is known as a) Polysome b) Polymer c) Polypeptide d) Okazaki fragmentPreview
  26. Q26Which of the following is the start codon? a) AUG b) UGA c) UAA d) UAGPreview
  27. Q27What is true about tRNA? a) It binds with an amino acid at its 3' end b) It has 5 double stranded regions c) It has a codon at one end which…Preview
  28. Q28Which one of the following hydrolyses internal phosphodiester bonds in a polynucleotide chain? a) Lipase b) Exonuclease c) Endonuclease d) P…Preview
  29. Q29DNA element with ability to change position is called a) Cistron b) Transposon c) Intron d) ReconPreview
  30. Q30Spliceosomes are not found in cells of a) Plants b) Fungi c) Animals d) BacteriaPreview
  31. Q31During DNA replication Okazaki fragments are used to elongate a) The leading strand towards replication fork b) The lagging strand towards r…Preview
  32. Q32When two different genes came from same parent they tend to remain together. i) What is the name of this phenomenon? ii) Draw the cross with…Preview
  33. Q33If you cross dominant genotype PV/PV male Drosophila with double recessive female and obtain F1 hybrid. Now you cross F1 male with double re…Preview
  34. Q34A three-point test cross in a plant gave the following results. S.no 1: Gamete type ABC, Number of progenies 349 S.no 2: Gamete type Abc, Nu…Preview
  35. Q35What is the difference between missense and nonsense mutation?Preview
  36. Q36The diagram below shows a normal chromosome with genes in the order A B C D E F G H I, and a second chromosome with genes in the order A B B…Preview
  37. Q37Write the salient features of Sutton and Boveri concept.Preview
  38. Q38Explain the mechanism of crossing over.Preview
  39. Q39Write the steps involved in molecular mechanism of DNA recombination with diagram.Preview
  40. Q40How is Nicotiana exhibit self-incompatibility? Explain its mechanism.Preview
  41. Q41How is sex determined in monoecious plants? Write the genes involved in it.Preview
  42. Q42What is gene mapping? Write its uses.Preview
  43. Q43Draw the diagram of different types of aneuploidy.Preview
  44. Q44Mention the name of man-made cereal. How is it formed?Preview
  45. Q45What is DNA repair?Preview
  46. Q46What is replication fork?Preview
  47. Q47Write about the energetics of DNA replication.Preview
  48. Q48What is TATA box?Preview
  49. Q49What is alternative splicing?Preview
  50. Q50What is coding strand?Preview
  51. Q51What are the enzymes involved in DNA replication in eukaryotes?Preview
  52. Q52Differentiate coding and non-coding strand.Preview
  53. Q53What are spliceosomes?Preview
  54. Q54What is meant by capping and tailing?Preview
  55. Q55What is RNA editing?Preview
  56. Q56Explain the DNA replication in eukaryotes.Preview
  57. Q57With reference to a gene diagram showing a promoter region, exons, introns and a terminator signal, correctly match the following: Column I…Preview
  58. Q58What attributes make Arabidopsis a suitable model plant for molecular genetic research?Preview
  59. Q59Describe the molecular mechanism of RNA modification.Preview
  60. Q60Explain ribosomal translocation in protein synthesis.Preview
  61. Q61Describe transposons.Preview
  62. Q62Describe RNA editing in plants.Preview
3.8

Protein Synthesis in Plants

Protein synthesis in a plant cell unfolds in two clearly separated major stages: transcription, in which the genetic information encoded in a gene's DNA sequence is copied into a messenger RNA molecul…

+Evaluation62 questions
  1. Q1An allohexaploidy contains a) Six different genomes b) Six copies of three different genomes c) Two copies of three different genomes d) Six…Free
  2. Q2The A and B genes are 10 cM apart on a chromosome. If an AB/ab heterozygote is testcrossed to ab/ab, how many of each progeny class would yo…Free
  3. Q3Match List I with List II. List I: A. A pair of chromosomes extra with diploid; B. One chromosome extra to the diploid; C. One chromosome lo…Free
  4. Q4Which of the following sentences are correct? 1. The offspring exhibit only parental combinations due to incomplete linkage 2. The linked ge…Preview
  5. Q5Accurate mapping of genes can be done by three point test cross because it increases a) Possibility of single cross over b) Possibility of d…Preview
  6. Q6Due to incomplete linkage in maize, the ratio of parental and recombinants are a) 50:50 b) 7:1:1:7 c) 96.4:3.6 d) 1:7:7:1Preview
  7. Q7Genes G S L H are located on same chromosome. The recombination percentage between L and G is 15%, S and L is 50%, H and S are 20%. The corr…Preview
  8. Q8The point mutation sequence for transition, transition, transversion and transversion in DNA are a) A to T, T to A, C to G and G to C b) A t…Preview
  9. Q9If haploid number in a cell is 18, the double monosomic and trisomic number will be a) 35 and 37 b) 34 and 35 c) 37 and 35 d) 17 and 19Preview
  10. Q10Changing the codon AGC to AGA represents a) missense mutation b) nonsense mutation c) frameshift mutation d) deletion mutationPreview
  11. Q11Assertion (A): Gamma rays are generally used to induce mutation in wheat varieties. Reason (R): Because they carry lower energy to non-ioniz…Preview
  12. Q12How many map units separate two alleles A and B if the recombination frequency is 0.09? a) 900 cM b) 90 cM c) 9 cM d) 0.9 cMPreview
  13. Q13Which one of the following pairs of codons is correctly matched with their function or the signal for the particular amino acid? a) UUA, UCA…Preview
  14. Q14Removal of introns and joining of exons in a defined order during transcription is called a) Splicing b) Looping c) Inducing d) SlicingPreview
  15. Q15If one strand of DNA has the nitrogenous base sequence as ATCTS, what would be the complementary RNA strand sequence? a) ATCGU b) TTAGU c) U…Preview
  16. Q16Removal of RNA polymerase III from nucleoplasm will affect the synthesis of a) rRNA b) tRNA c) hnRNA d) mRNAPreview
  17. Q17DNA dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes transcription on one strand of the DNA which is called the a) Alpha strand b) Anti strand c) Template…Preview
  18. Q18Which of the following correctly represents the flow of genetic information? a) DNA -> RNA -> Protein b) RNA -> DNA -> Protein c) RNA -> Pro…Preview
  19. Q19Initiation codon is a) UUU b) UGA c) AUG d) UAGPreview
  20. Q20A eukaryotic gene contains two kinds of base sequences. Which of these plays an important role in protein synthesis? a) Introns b) Exons c)…Preview
  21. Q21Codon - anticodon interactions occur by a) Covalent bond b) Electrostatic interactions c) Hydrogen bonds d) Hydrophobic interactionPreview
  22. Q22Which of the following RNA polymerases is responsible for the transcription of protein coding genes in eukaryotes? a) RNA Pol I b) RNA Pol I…Preview
  23. Q23How are RNA molecules transported out of the nucleus? a) Passive diffusion through the membrane b) Through membrane pores in an energy indep…Preview
  24. Q24During translation the codon in mRNA is actually 'read' by a) The A site in the ribosomes b) The P site in the ribosomes c) The anticodon in…Preview
  25. Q25A complex of ribosome attached to a single strand of RNA is known as a) Polysome b) Polymer c) Polypeptide d) Okazaki fragmentPreview
  26. Q26Which of the following is the start codon? a) AUG b) UGA c) UAA d) UAGPreview
  27. Q27What is true about tRNA? a) It binds with an amino acid at its 3' end b) It has 5 double stranded regions c) It has a codon at one end which…Preview
  28. Q28Which one of the following hydrolyses internal phosphodiester bonds in a polynucleotide chain? a) Lipase b) Exonuclease c) Endonuclease d) P…Preview
  29. Q29DNA element with ability to change position is called a) Cistron b) Transposon c) Intron d) ReconPreview
  30. Q30Spliceosomes are not found in cells of a) Plants b) Fungi c) Animals d) BacteriaPreview
  31. Q31During DNA replication Okazaki fragments are used to elongate a) The leading strand towards replication fork b) The lagging strand towards r…Preview
  32. Q32When two different genes came from same parent they tend to remain together. i) What is the name of this phenomenon? ii) Draw the cross with…Preview
  33. Q33If you cross dominant genotype PV/PV male Drosophila with double recessive female and obtain F1 hybrid. Now you cross F1 male with double re…Preview
  34. Q34A three-point test cross in a plant gave the following results. S.no 1: Gamete type ABC, Number of progenies 349 S.no 2: Gamete type Abc, Nu…Preview
  35. Q35What is the difference between missense and nonsense mutation?Preview
  36. Q36The diagram below shows a normal chromosome with genes in the order A B C D E F G H I, and a second chromosome with genes in the order A B B…Preview
  37. Q37Write the salient features of Sutton and Boveri concept.Preview
  38. Q38Explain the mechanism of crossing over.Preview
  39. Q39Write the steps involved in molecular mechanism of DNA recombination with diagram.Preview
  40. Q40How is Nicotiana exhibit self-incompatibility? Explain its mechanism.Preview
  41. Q41How is sex determined in monoecious plants? Write the genes involved in it.Preview
  42. Q42What is gene mapping? Write its uses.Preview
  43. Q43Draw the diagram of different types of aneuploidy.Preview
  44. Q44Mention the name of man-made cereal. How is it formed?Preview
  45. Q45What is DNA repair?Preview
  46. Q46What is replication fork?Preview
  47. Q47Write about the energetics of DNA replication.Preview
  48. Q48What is TATA box?Preview
  49. Q49What is alternative splicing?Preview
  50. Q50What is coding strand?Preview
  51. Q51What are the enzymes involved in DNA replication in eukaryotes?Preview
  52. Q52Differentiate coding and non-coding strand.Preview
  53. Q53What are spliceosomes?Preview
  54. Q54What is meant by capping and tailing?Preview
  55. Q55What is RNA editing?Preview
  56. Q56Explain the DNA replication in eukaryotes.Preview
  57. Q57With reference to a gene diagram showing a promoter region, exons, introns and a terminator signal, correctly match the following: Column I…Preview
  58. Q58What attributes make Arabidopsis a suitable model plant for molecular genetic research?Preview
  59. Q59Describe the molecular mechanism of RNA modification.Preview
  60. Q60Explain ribosomal translocation in protein synthesis.Preview
  61. Q61Describe transposons.Preview
  62. Q62Describe RNA editing in plants.Preview
3.8.1

Transcription

Transcription is the process by which one of the two strands of a DNA double helix, called the template strand, is used to direct the synthesis of a complementary RNA molecule, carried out by a family…

+Evaluation62 questions
  1. Q1An allohexaploidy contains a) Six different genomes b) Six copies of three different genomes c) Two copies of three different genomes d) Six…Free
  2. Q2The A and B genes are 10 cM apart on a chromosome. If an AB/ab heterozygote is testcrossed to ab/ab, how many of each progeny class would yo…Free
  3. Q3Match List I with List II. List I: A. A pair of chromosomes extra with diploid; B. One chromosome extra to the diploid; C. One chromosome lo…Free
  4. Q4Which of the following sentences are correct? 1. The offspring exhibit only parental combinations due to incomplete linkage 2. The linked ge…Preview
  5. Q5Accurate mapping of genes can be done by three point test cross because it increases a) Possibility of single cross over b) Possibility of d…Preview
  6. Q6Due to incomplete linkage in maize, the ratio of parental and recombinants are a) 50:50 b) 7:1:1:7 c) 96.4:3.6 d) 1:7:7:1Preview
  7. Q7Genes G S L H are located on same chromosome. The recombination percentage between L and G is 15%, S and L is 50%, H and S are 20%. The corr…Preview
  8. Q8The point mutation sequence for transition, transition, transversion and transversion in DNA are a) A to T, T to A, C to G and G to C b) A t…Preview
  9. Q9If haploid number in a cell is 18, the double monosomic and trisomic number will be a) 35 and 37 b) 34 and 35 c) 37 and 35 d) 17 and 19Preview
  10. Q10Changing the codon AGC to AGA represents a) missense mutation b) nonsense mutation c) frameshift mutation d) deletion mutationPreview
  11. Q11Assertion (A): Gamma rays are generally used to induce mutation in wheat varieties. Reason (R): Because they carry lower energy to non-ioniz…Preview
  12. Q12How many map units separate two alleles A and B if the recombination frequency is 0.09? a) 900 cM b) 90 cM c) 9 cM d) 0.9 cMPreview
  13. Q13Which one of the following pairs of codons is correctly matched with their function or the signal for the particular amino acid? a) UUA, UCA…Preview
  14. Q14Removal of introns and joining of exons in a defined order during transcription is called a) Splicing b) Looping c) Inducing d) SlicingPreview
  15. Q15If one strand of DNA has the nitrogenous base sequence as ATCTS, what would be the complementary RNA strand sequence? a) ATCGU b) TTAGU c) U…Preview
  16. Q16Removal of RNA polymerase III from nucleoplasm will affect the synthesis of a) rRNA b) tRNA c) hnRNA d) mRNAPreview
  17. Q17DNA dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes transcription on one strand of the DNA which is called the a) Alpha strand b) Anti strand c) Template…Preview
  18. Q18Which of the following correctly represents the flow of genetic information? a) DNA -> RNA -> Protein b) RNA -> DNA -> Protein c) RNA -> Pro…Preview
  19. Q19Initiation codon is a) UUU b) UGA c) AUG d) UAGPreview
  20. Q20A eukaryotic gene contains two kinds of base sequences. Which of these plays an important role in protein synthesis? a) Introns b) Exons c)…Preview
  21. Q21Codon - anticodon interactions occur by a) Covalent bond b) Electrostatic interactions c) Hydrogen bonds d) Hydrophobic interactionPreview
  22. Q22Which of the following RNA polymerases is responsible for the transcription of protein coding genes in eukaryotes? a) RNA Pol I b) RNA Pol I…Preview
  23. Q23How are RNA molecules transported out of the nucleus? a) Passive diffusion through the membrane b) Through membrane pores in an energy indep…Preview
  24. Q24During translation the codon in mRNA is actually 'read' by a) The A site in the ribosomes b) The P site in the ribosomes c) The anticodon in…Preview
  25. Q25A complex of ribosome attached to a single strand of RNA is known as a) Polysome b) Polymer c) Polypeptide d) Okazaki fragmentPreview
  26. Q26Which of the following is the start codon? a) AUG b) UGA c) UAA d) UAGPreview
  27. Q27What is true about tRNA? a) It binds with an amino acid at its 3' end b) It has 5 double stranded regions c) It has a codon at one end which…Preview
  28. Q28Which one of the following hydrolyses internal phosphodiester bonds in a polynucleotide chain? a) Lipase b) Exonuclease c) Endonuclease d) P…Preview
  29. Q29DNA element with ability to change position is called a) Cistron b) Transposon c) Intron d) ReconPreview
  30. Q30Spliceosomes are not found in cells of a) Plants b) Fungi c) Animals d) BacteriaPreview
  31. Q31During DNA replication Okazaki fragments are used to elongate a) The leading strand towards replication fork b) The lagging strand towards r…Preview
  32. Q32When two different genes came from same parent they tend to remain together. i) What is the name of this phenomenon? ii) Draw the cross with…Preview
  33. Q33If you cross dominant genotype PV/PV male Drosophila with double recessive female and obtain F1 hybrid. Now you cross F1 male with double re…Preview
  34. Q34A three-point test cross in a plant gave the following results. S.no 1: Gamete type ABC, Number of progenies 349 S.no 2: Gamete type Abc, Nu…Preview
  35. Q35What is the difference between missense and nonsense mutation?Preview
  36. Q36The diagram below shows a normal chromosome with genes in the order A B C D E F G H I, and a second chromosome with genes in the order A B B…Preview
  37. Q37Write the salient features of Sutton and Boveri concept.Preview
  38. Q38Explain the mechanism of crossing over.Preview
  39. Q39Write the steps involved in molecular mechanism of DNA recombination with diagram.Preview
  40. Q40How is Nicotiana exhibit self-incompatibility? Explain its mechanism.Preview
  41. Q41How is sex determined in monoecious plants? Write the genes involved in it.Preview
  42. Q42What is gene mapping? Write its uses.Preview
  43. Q43Draw the diagram of different types of aneuploidy.Preview
  44. Q44Mention the name of man-made cereal. How is it formed?Preview
  45. Q45What is DNA repair?Preview
  46. Q46What is replication fork?Preview
  47. Q47Write about the energetics of DNA replication.Preview
  48. Q48What is TATA box?Preview
  49. Q49What is alternative splicing?Preview
  50. Q50What is coding strand?Preview
  51. Q51What are the enzymes involved in DNA replication in eukaryotes?Preview
  52. Q52Differentiate coding and non-coding strand.Preview
  53. Q53What are spliceosomes?Preview
  54. Q54What is meant by capping and tailing?Preview
  55. Q55What is RNA editing?Preview
  56. Q56Explain the DNA replication in eukaryotes.Preview
  57. Q57With reference to a gene diagram showing a promoter region, exons, introns and a terminator signal, correctly match the following: Column I…Preview
  58. Q58What attributes make Arabidopsis a suitable model plant for molecular genetic research?Preview
  59. Q59Describe the molecular mechanism of RNA modification.Preview
  60. Q60Explain ribosomal translocation in protein synthesis.Preview
  61. Q61Describe transposons.Preview
  62. Q62Describe RNA editing in plants.Preview
3.8.2

RNA Splicing in Plants

Unlike a bacterial gene, a eukaryotic gene's protein-coding sequence is not one uninterrupted stretch of DNA; it is broken up by intervening non-coding stretches.

+Evaluation62 questions
  1. Q1An allohexaploidy contains a) Six different genomes b) Six copies of three different genomes c) Two copies of three different genomes d) Six…Free
  2. Q2The A and B genes are 10 cM apart on a chromosome. If an AB/ab heterozygote is testcrossed to ab/ab, how many of each progeny class would yo…Free
  3. Q3Match List I with List II. List I: A. A pair of chromosomes extra with diploid; B. One chromosome extra to the diploid; C. One chromosome lo…Free
  4. Q4Which of the following sentences are correct? 1. The offspring exhibit only parental combinations due to incomplete linkage 2. The linked ge…Preview
  5. Q5Accurate mapping of genes can be done by three point test cross because it increases a) Possibility of single cross over b) Possibility of d…Preview
  6. Q6Due to incomplete linkage in maize, the ratio of parental and recombinants are a) 50:50 b) 7:1:1:7 c) 96.4:3.6 d) 1:7:7:1Preview
  7. Q7Genes G S L H are located on same chromosome. The recombination percentage between L and G is 15%, S and L is 50%, H and S are 20%. The corr…Preview
  8. Q8The point mutation sequence for transition, transition, transversion and transversion in DNA are a) A to T, T to A, C to G and G to C b) A t…Preview
  9. Q9If haploid number in a cell is 18, the double monosomic and trisomic number will be a) 35 and 37 b) 34 and 35 c) 37 and 35 d) 17 and 19Preview
  10. Q10Changing the codon AGC to AGA represents a) missense mutation b) nonsense mutation c) frameshift mutation d) deletion mutationPreview
  11. Q11Assertion (A): Gamma rays are generally used to induce mutation in wheat varieties. Reason (R): Because they carry lower energy to non-ioniz…Preview
  12. Q12How many map units separate two alleles A and B if the recombination frequency is 0.09? a) 900 cM b) 90 cM c) 9 cM d) 0.9 cMPreview
  13. Q13Which one of the following pairs of codons is correctly matched with their function or the signal for the particular amino acid? a) UUA, UCA…Preview
  14. Q14Removal of introns and joining of exons in a defined order during transcription is called a) Splicing b) Looping c) Inducing d) SlicingPreview
  15. Q15If one strand of DNA has the nitrogenous base sequence as ATCTS, what would be the complementary RNA strand sequence? a) ATCGU b) TTAGU c) U…Preview
  16. Q16Removal of RNA polymerase III from nucleoplasm will affect the synthesis of a) rRNA b) tRNA c) hnRNA d) mRNAPreview
  17. Q17DNA dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes transcription on one strand of the DNA which is called the a) Alpha strand b) Anti strand c) Template…Preview
  18. Q18Which of the following correctly represents the flow of genetic information? a) DNA -> RNA -> Protein b) RNA -> DNA -> Protein c) RNA -> Pro…Preview
  19. Q19Initiation codon is a) UUU b) UGA c) AUG d) UAGPreview
  20. Q20A eukaryotic gene contains two kinds of base sequences. Which of these plays an important role in protein synthesis? a) Introns b) Exons c)…Preview
  21. Q21Codon - anticodon interactions occur by a) Covalent bond b) Electrostatic interactions c) Hydrogen bonds d) Hydrophobic interactionPreview
  22. Q22Which of the following RNA polymerases is responsible for the transcription of protein coding genes in eukaryotes? a) RNA Pol I b) RNA Pol I…Preview
  23. Q23How are RNA molecules transported out of the nucleus? a) Passive diffusion through the membrane b) Through membrane pores in an energy indep…Preview
  24. Q24During translation the codon in mRNA is actually 'read' by a) The A site in the ribosomes b) The P site in the ribosomes c) The anticodon in…Preview
  25. Q25A complex of ribosome attached to a single strand of RNA is known as a) Polysome b) Polymer c) Polypeptide d) Okazaki fragmentPreview
  26. Q26Which of the following is the start codon? a) AUG b) UGA c) UAA d) UAGPreview
  27. Q27What is true about tRNA? a) It binds with an amino acid at its 3' end b) It has 5 double stranded regions c) It has a codon at one end which…Preview
  28. Q28Which one of the following hydrolyses internal phosphodiester bonds in a polynucleotide chain? a) Lipase b) Exonuclease c) Endonuclease d) P…Preview
  29. Q29DNA element with ability to change position is called a) Cistron b) Transposon c) Intron d) ReconPreview
  30. Q30Spliceosomes are not found in cells of a) Plants b) Fungi c) Animals d) BacteriaPreview
  31. Q31During DNA replication Okazaki fragments are used to elongate a) The leading strand towards replication fork b) The lagging strand towards r…Preview
  32. Q32When two different genes came from same parent they tend to remain together. i) What is the name of this phenomenon? ii) Draw the cross with…Preview
  33. Q33If you cross dominant genotype PV/PV male Drosophila with double recessive female and obtain F1 hybrid. Now you cross F1 male with double re…Preview
  34. Q34A three-point test cross in a plant gave the following results. S.no 1: Gamete type ABC, Number of progenies 349 S.no 2: Gamete type Abc, Nu…Preview
  35. Q35What is the difference between missense and nonsense mutation?Preview
  36. Q36The diagram below shows a normal chromosome with genes in the order A B C D E F G H I, and a second chromosome with genes in the order A B B…Preview
  37. Q37Write the salient features of Sutton and Boveri concept.Preview
  38. Q38Explain the mechanism of crossing over.Preview
  39. Q39Write the steps involved in molecular mechanism of DNA recombination with diagram.Preview
  40. Q40How is Nicotiana exhibit self-incompatibility? Explain its mechanism.Preview
  41. Q41How is sex determined in monoecious plants? Write the genes involved in it.Preview
  42. Q42What is gene mapping? Write its uses.Preview
  43. Q43Draw the diagram of different types of aneuploidy.Preview
  44. Q44Mention the name of man-made cereal. How is it formed?Preview
  45. Q45What is DNA repair?Preview
  46. Q46What is replication fork?Preview
  47. Q47Write about the energetics of DNA replication.Preview
  48. Q48What is TATA box?Preview
  49. Q49What is alternative splicing?Preview
  50. Q50What is coding strand?Preview
  51. Q51What are the enzymes involved in DNA replication in eukaryotes?Preview
  52. Q52Differentiate coding and non-coding strand.Preview
  53. Q53What are spliceosomes?Preview
  54. Q54What is meant by capping and tailing?Preview
  55. Q55What is RNA editing?Preview
  56. Q56Explain the DNA replication in eukaryotes.Preview
  57. Q57With reference to a gene diagram showing a promoter region, exons, introns and a terminator signal, correctly match the following: Column I…Preview
  58. Q58What attributes make Arabidopsis a suitable model plant for molecular genetic research?Preview
  59. Q59Describe the molecular mechanism of RNA modification.Preview
  60. Q60Explain ribosomal translocation in protein synthesis.Preview
  61. Q61Describe transposons.Preview
  62. Q62Describe RNA editing in plants.Preview
3.8.3

Translation

Translation is the process that decodes the sequence of nucleotide triplets, or codons, carried by a mature mRNA into the corresponding sequence of amino acids making up a polypeptide chain, and it ta…

+Evaluation62 questions
  1. Q1An allohexaploidy contains a) Six different genomes b) Six copies of three different genomes c) Two copies of three different genomes d) Six…Free
  2. Q2The A and B genes are 10 cM apart on a chromosome. If an AB/ab heterozygote is testcrossed to ab/ab, how many of each progeny class would yo…Free
  3. Q3Match List I with List II. List I: A. A pair of chromosomes extra with diploid; B. One chromosome extra to the diploid; C. One chromosome lo…Free
  4. Q4Which of the following sentences are correct? 1. The offspring exhibit only parental combinations due to incomplete linkage 2. The linked ge…Preview
  5. Q5Accurate mapping of genes can be done by three point test cross because it increases a) Possibility of single cross over b) Possibility of d…Preview
  6. Q6Due to incomplete linkage in maize, the ratio of parental and recombinants are a) 50:50 b) 7:1:1:7 c) 96.4:3.6 d) 1:7:7:1Preview
  7. Q7Genes G S L H are located on same chromosome. The recombination percentage between L and G is 15%, S and L is 50%, H and S are 20%. The corr…Preview
  8. Q8The point mutation sequence for transition, transition, transversion and transversion in DNA are a) A to T, T to A, C to G and G to C b) A t…Preview
  9. Q9If haploid number in a cell is 18, the double monosomic and trisomic number will be a) 35 and 37 b) 34 and 35 c) 37 and 35 d) 17 and 19Preview
  10. Q10Changing the codon AGC to AGA represents a) missense mutation b) nonsense mutation c) frameshift mutation d) deletion mutationPreview
  11. Q11Assertion (A): Gamma rays are generally used to induce mutation in wheat varieties. Reason (R): Because they carry lower energy to non-ioniz…Preview
  12. Q12How many map units separate two alleles A and B if the recombination frequency is 0.09? a) 900 cM b) 90 cM c) 9 cM d) 0.9 cMPreview
  13. Q13Which one of the following pairs of codons is correctly matched with their function or the signal for the particular amino acid? a) UUA, UCA…Preview
  14. Q14Removal of introns and joining of exons in a defined order during transcription is called a) Splicing b) Looping c) Inducing d) SlicingPreview
  15. Q15If one strand of DNA has the nitrogenous base sequence as ATCTS, what would be the complementary RNA strand sequence? a) ATCGU b) TTAGU c) U…Preview
  16. Q16Removal of RNA polymerase III from nucleoplasm will affect the synthesis of a) rRNA b) tRNA c) hnRNA d) mRNAPreview
  17. Q17DNA dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes transcription on one strand of the DNA which is called the a) Alpha strand b) Anti strand c) Template…Preview
  18. Q18Which of the following correctly represents the flow of genetic information? a) DNA -> RNA -> Protein b) RNA -> DNA -> Protein c) RNA -> Pro…Preview
  19. Q19Initiation codon is a) UUU b) UGA c) AUG d) UAGPreview
  20. Q20A eukaryotic gene contains two kinds of base sequences. Which of these plays an important role in protein synthesis? a) Introns b) Exons c)…Preview
  21. Q21Codon - anticodon interactions occur by a) Covalent bond b) Electrostatic interactions c) Hydrogen bonds d) Hydrophobic interactionPreview
  22. Q22Which of the following RNA polymerases is responsible for the transcription of protein coding genes in eukaryotes? a) RNA Pol I b) RNA Pol I…Preview
  23. Q23How are RNA molecules transported out of the nucleus? a) Passive diffusion through the membrane b) Through membrane pores in an energy indep…Preview
  24. Q24During translation the codon in mRNA is actually 'read' by a) The A site in the ribosomes b) The P site in the ribosomes c) The anticodon in…Preview
  25. Q25A complex of ribosome attached to a single strand of RNA is known as a) Polysome b) Polymer c) Polypeptide d) Okazaki fragmentPreview
  26. Q26Which of the following is the start codon? a) AUG b) UGA c) UAA d) UAGPreview
  27. Q27What is true about tRNA? a) It binds with an amino acid at its 3' end b) It has 5 double stranded regions c) It has a codon at one end which…Preview
  28. Q28Which one of the following hydrolyses internal phosphodiester bonds in a polynucleotide chain? a) Lipase b) Exonuclease c) Endonuclease d) P…Preview
  29. Q29DNA element with ability to change position is called a) Cistron b) Transposon c) Intron d) ReconPreview
  30. Q30Spliceosomes are not found in cells of a) Plants b) Fungi c) Animals d) BacteriaPreview
  31. Q31During DNA replication Okazaki fragments are used to elongate a) The leading strand towards replication fork b) The lagging strand towards r…Preview
  32. Q32When two different genes came from same parent they tend to remain together. i) What is the name of this phenomenon? ii) Draw the cross with…Preview
  33. Q33If you cross dominant genotype PV/PV male Drosophila with double recessive female and obtain F1 hybrid. Now you cross F1 male with double re…Preview
  34. Q34A three-point test cross in a plant gave the following results. S.no 1: Gamete type ABC, Number of progenies 349 S.no 2: Gamete type Abc, Nu…Preview
  35. Q35What is the difference between missense and nonsense mutation?Preview
  36. Q36The diagram below shows a normal chromosome with genes in the order A B C D E F G H I, and a second chromosome with genes in the order A B B…Preview
  37. Q37Write the salient features of Sutton and Boveri concept.Preview
  38. Q38Explain the mechanism of crossing over.Preview
  39. Q39Write the steps involved in molecular mechanism of DNA recombination with diagram.Preview
  40. Q40How is Nicotiana exhibit self-incompatibility? Explain its mechanism.Preview
  41. Q41How is sex determined in monoecious plants? Write the genes involved in it.Preview
  42. Q42What is gene mapping? Write its uses.Preview
  43. Q43Draw the diagram of different types of aneuploidy.Preview
  44. Q44Mention the name of man-made cereal. How is it formed?Preview
  45. Q45What is DNA repair?Preview
  46. Q46What is replication fork?Preview
  47. Q47Write about the energetics of DNA replication.Preview
  48. Q48What is TATA box?Preview
  49. Q49What is alternative splicing?Preview
  50. Q50What is coding strand?Preview
  51. Q51What are the enzymes involved in DNA replication in eukaryotes?Preview
  52. Q52Differentiate coding and non-coding strand.Preview
  53. Q53What are spliceosomes?Preview
  54. Q54What is meant by capping and tailing?Preview
  55. Q55What is RNA editing?Preview
  56. Q56Explain the DNA replication in eukaryotes.Preview
  57. Q57With reference to a gene diagram showing a promoter region, exons, introns and a terminator signal, correctly match the following: Column I…Preview
  58. Q58What attributes make Arabidopsis a suitable model plant for molecular genetic research?Preview
  59. Q59Describe the molecular mechanism of RNA modification.Preview
  60. Q60Explain ribosomal translocation in protein synthesis.Preview
  61. Q61Describe transposons.Preview
  62. Q62Describe RNA editing in plants.Preview
3.8.4

Alternative Splicing in Plants

Alternative splicing is a mechanism by which a single gene can give rise to more than one distinct mature mRNA, and consequently more than one distinct protein product, called isoforms, simply by vary…

+Evaluation62 questions
  1. Q1An allohexaploidy contains a) Six different genomes b) Six copies of three different genomes c) Two copies of three different genomes d) Six…Free
  2. Q2The A and B genes are 10 cM apart on a chromosome. If an AB/ab heterozygote is testcrossed to ab/ab, how many of each progeny class would yo…Free
  3. Q3Match List I with List II. List I: A. A pair of chromosomes extra with diploid; B. One chromosome extra to the diploid; C. One chromosome lo…Free
  4. Q4Which of the following sentences are correct? 1. The offspring exhibit only parental combinations due to incomplete linkage 2. The linked ge…Preview
  5. Q5Accurate mapping of genes can be done by three point test cross because it increases a) Possibility of single cross over b) Possibility of d…Preview
  6. Q6Due to incomplete linkage in maize, the ratio of parental and recombinants are a) 50:50 b) 7:1:1:7 c) 96.4:3.6 d) 1:7:7:1Preview
  7. Q7Genes G S L H are located on same chromosome. The recombination percentage between L and G is 15%, S and L is 50%, H and S are 20%. The corr…Preview
  8. Q8The point mutation sequence for transition, transition, transversion and transversion in DNA are a) A to T, T to A, C to G and G to C b) A t…Preview
  9. Q9If haploid number in a cell is 18, the double monosomic and trisomic number will be a) 35 and 37 b) 34 and 35 c) 37 and 35 d) 17 and 19Preview
  10. Q10Changing the codon AGC to AGA represents a) missense mutation b) nonsense mutation c) frameshift mutation d) deletion mutationPreview
  11. Q11Assertion (A): Gamma rays are generally used to induce mutation in wheat varieties. Reason (R): Because they carry lower energy to non-ioniz…Preview
  12. Q12How many map units separate two alleles A and B if the recombination frequency is 0.09? a) 900 cM b) 90 cM c) 9 cM d) 0.9 cMPreview
  13. Q13Which one of the following pairs of codons is correctly matched with their function or the signal for the particular amino acid? a) UUA, UCA…Preview
  14. Q14Removal of introns and joining of exons in a defined order during transcription is called a) Splicing b) Looping c) Inducing d) SlicingPreview
  15. Q15If one strand of DNA has the nitrogenous base sequence as ATCTS, what would be the complementary RNA strand sequence? a) ATCGU b) TTAGU c) U…Preview
  16. Q16Removal of RNA polymerase III from nucleoplasm will affect the synthesis of a) rRNA b) tRNA c) hnRNA d) mRNAPreview
  17. Q17DNA dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes transcription on one strand of the DNA which is called the a) Alpha strand b) Anti strand c) Template…Preview
  18. Q18Which of the following correctly represents the flow of genetic information? a) DNA -> RNA -> Protein b) RNA -> DNA -> Protein c) RNA -> Pro…Preview
  19. Q19Initiation codon is a) UUU b) UGA c) AUG d) UAGPreview
  20. Q20A eukaryotic gene contains two kinds of base sequences. Which of these plays an important role in protein synthesis? a) Introns b) Exons c)…Preview
  21. Q21Codon - anticodon interactions occur by a) Covalent bond b) Electrostatic interactions c) Hydrogen bonds d) Hydrophobic interactionPreview
  22. Q22Which of the following RNA polymerases is responsible for the transcription of protein coding genes in eukaryotes? a) RNA Pol I b) RNA Pol I…Preview
  23. Q23How are RNA molecules transported out of the nucleus? a) Passive diffusion through the membrane b) Through membrane pores in an energy indep…Preview
  24. Q24During translation the codon in mRNA is actually 'read' by a) The A site in the ribosomes b) The P site in the ribosomes c) The anticodon in…Preview
  25. Q25A complex of ribosome attached to a single strand of RNA is known as a) Polysome b) Polymer c) Polypeptide d) Okazaki fragmentPreview
  26. Q26Which of the following is the start codon? a) AUG b) UGA c) UAA d) UAGPreview
  27. Q27What is true about tRNA? a) It binds with an amino acid at its 3' end b) It has 5 double stranded regions c) It has a codon at one end which…Preview
  28. Q28Which one of the following hydrolyses internal phosphodiester bonds in a polynucleotide chain? a) Lipase b) Exonuclease c) Endonuclease d) P…Preview
  29. Q29DNA element with ability to change position is called a) Cistron b) Transposon c) Intron d) ReconPreview
  30. Q30Spliceosomes are not found in cells of a) Plants b) Fungi c) Animals d) BacteriaPreview
  31. Q31During DNA replication Okazaki fragments are used to elongate a) The leading strand towards replication fork b) The lagging strand towards r…Preview
  32. Q32When two different genes came from same parent they tend to remain together. i) What is the name of this phenomenon? ii) Draw the cross with…Preview
  33. Q33If you cross dominant genotype PV/PV male Drosophila with double recessive female and obtain F1 hybrid. Now you cross F1 male with double re…Preview
  34. Q34A three-point test cross in a plant gave the following results. S.no 1: Gamete type ABC, Number of progenies 349 S.no 2: Gamete type Abc, Nu…Preview
  35. Q35What is the difference between missense and nonsense mutation?Preview
  36. Q36The diagram below shows a normal chromosome with genes in the order A B C D E F G H I, and a second chromosome with genes in the order A B B…Preview
  37. Q37Write the salient features of Sutton and Boveri concept.Preview
  38. Q38Explain the mechanism of crossing over.Preview
  39. Q39Write the steps involved in molecular mechanism of DNA recombination with diagram.Preview
  40. Q40How is Nicotiana exhibit self-incompatibility? Explain its mechanism.Preview
  41. Q41How is sex determined in monoecious plants? Write the genes involved in it.Preview
  42. Q42What is gene mapping? Write its uses.Preview
  43. Q43Draw the diagram of different types of aneuploidy.Preview
  44. Q44Mention the name of man-made cereal. How is it formed?Preview
  45. Q45What is DNA repair?Preview
  46. Q46What is replication fork?Preview
  47. Q47Write about the energetics of DNA replication.Preview
  48. Q48What is TATA box?Preview
  49. Q49What is alternative splicing?Preview
  50. Q50What is coding strand?Preview
  51. Q51What are the enzymes involved in DNA replication in eukaryotes?Preview
  52. Q52Differentiate coding and non-coding strand.Preview
  53. Q53What are spliceosomes?Preview
  54. Q54What is meant by capping and tailing?Preview
  55. Q55What is RNA editing?Preview
  56. Q56Explain the DNA replication in eukaryotes.Preview
  57. Q57With reference to a gene diagram showing a promoter region, exons, introns and a terminator signal, correctly match the following: Column I…Preview
  58. Q58What attributes make Arabidopsis a suitable model plant for molecular genetic research?Preview
  59. Q59Describe the molecular mechanism of RNA modification.Preview
  60. Q60Explain ribosomal translocation in protein synthesis.Preview
  61. Q61Describe transposons.Preview
  62. Q62Describe RNA editing in plants.Preview
3.8.5

RNA Editing

RNA editing is a post-transcriptional chemical modification of an mRNA molecule -- through base modification, nucleotide insertion, nucleotide deletion, or nucleotide replacement -- that alters the am…

+Evaluation62 questions
  1. Q1An allohexaploidy contains a) Six different genomes b) Six copies of three different genomes c) Two copies of three different genomes d) Six…Free
  2. Q2The A and B genes are 10 cM apart on a chromosome. If an AB/ab heterozygote is testcrossed to ab/ab, how many of each progeny class would yo…Free
  3. Q3Match List I with List II. List I: A. A pair of chromosomes extra with diploid; B. One chromosome extra to the diploid; C. One chromosome lo…Free
  4. Q4Which of the following sentences are correct? 1. The offspring exhibit only parental combinations due to incomplete linkage 2. The linked ge…Preview
  5. Q5Accurate mapping of genes can be done by three point test cross because it increases a) Possibility of single cross over b) Possibility of d…Preview
  6. Q6Due to incomplete linkage in maize, the ratio of parental and recombinants are a) 50:50 b) 7:1:1:7 c) 96.4:3.6 d) 1:7:7:1Preview
  7. Q7Genes G S L H are located on same chromosome. The recombination percentage between L and G is 15%, S and L is 50%, H and S are 20%. The corr…Preview
  8. Q8The point mutation sequence for transition, transition, transversion and transversion in DNA are a) A to T, T to A, C to G and G to C b) A t…Preview
  9. Q9If haploid number in a cell is 18, the double monosomic and trisomic number will be a) 35 and 37 b) 34 and 35 c) 37 and 35 d) 17 and 19Preview
  10. Q10Changing the codon AGC to AGA represents a) missense mutation b) nonsense mutation c) frameshift mutation d) deletion mutationPreview
  11. Q11Assertion (A): Gamma rays are generally used to induce mutation in wheat varieties. Reason (R): Because they carry lower energy to non-ioniz…Preview
  12. Q12How many map units separate two alleles A and B if the recombination frequency is 0.09? a) 900 cM b) 90 cM c) 9 cM d) 0.9 cMPreview
  13. Q13Which one of the following pairs of codons is correctly matched with their function or the signal for the particular amino acid? a) UUA, UCA…Preview
  14. Q14Removal of introns and joining of exons in a defined order during transcription is called a) Splicing b) Looping c) Inducing d) SlicingPreview
  15. Q15If one strand of DNA has the nitrogenous base sequence as ATCTS, what would be the complementary RNA strand sequence? a) ATCGU b) TTAGU c) U…Preview
  16. Q16Removal of RNA polymerase III from nucleoplasm will affect the synthesis of a) rRNA b) tRNA c) hnRNA d) mRNAPreview
  17. Q17DNA dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes transcription on one strand of the DNA which is called the a) Alpha strand b) Anti strand c) Template…Preview
  18. Q18Which of the following correctly represents the flow of genetic information? a) DNA -> RNA -> Protein b) RNA -> DNA -> Protein c) RNA -> Pro…Preview
  19. Q19Initiation codon is a) UUU b) UGA c) AUG d) UAGPreview
  20. Q20A eukaryotic gene contains two kinds of base sequences. Which of these plays an important role in protein synthesis? a) Introns b) Exons c)…Preview
  21. Q21Codon - anticodon interactions occur by a) Covalent bond b) Electrostatic interactions c) Hydrogen bonds d) Hydrophobic interactionPreview
  22. Q22Which of the following RNA polymerases is responsible for the transcription of protein coding genes in eukaryotes? a) RNA Pol I b) RNA Pol I…Preview
  23. Q23How are RNA molecules transported out of the nucleus? a) Passive diffusion through the membrane b) Through membrane pores in an energy indep…Preview
  24. Q24During translation the codon in mRNA is actually 'read' by a) The A site in the ribosomes b) The P site in the ribosomes c) The anticodon in…Preview
  25. Q25A complex of ribosome attached to a single strand of RNA is known as a) Polysome b) Polymer c) Polypeptide d) Okazaki fragmentPreview
  26. Q26Which of the following is the start codon? a) AUG b) UGA c) UAA d) UAGPreview
  27. Q27What is true about tRNA? a) It binds with an amino acid at its 3' end b) It has 5 double stranded regions c) It has a codon at one end which…Preview
  28. Q28Which one of the following hydrolyses internal phosphodiester bonds in a polynucleotide chain? a) Lipase b) Exonuclease c) Endonuclease d) P…Preview
  29. Q29DNA element with ability to change position is called a) Cistron b) Transposon c) Intron d) ReconPreview
  30. Q30Spliceosomes are not found in cells of a) Plants b) Fungi c) Animals d) BacteriaPreview
  31. Q31During DNA replication Okazaki fragments are used to elongate a) The leading strand towards replication fork b) The lagging strand towards r…Preview
  32. Q32When two different genes came from same parent they tend to remain together. i) What is the name of this phenomenon? ii) Draw the cross with…Preview
  33. Q33If you cross dominant genotype PV/PV male Drosophila with double recessive female and obtain F1 hybrid. Now you cross F1 male with double re…Preview
  34. Q34A three-point test cross in a plant gave the following results. S.no 1: Gamete type ABC, Number of progenies 349 S.no 2: Gamete type Abc, Nu…Preview
  35. Q35What is the difference between missense and nonsense mutation?Preview
  36. Q36The diagram below shows a normal chromosome with genes in the order A B C D E F G H I, and a second chromosome with genes in the order A B B…Preview
  37. Q37Write the salient features of Sutton and Boveri concept.Preview
  38. Q38Explain the mechanism of crossing over.Preview
  39. Q39Write the steps involved in molecular mechanism of DNA recombination with diagram.Preview
  40. Q40How is Nicotiana exhibit self-incompatibility? Explain its mechanism.Preview
  41. Q41How is sex determined in monoecious plants? Write the genes involved in it.Preview
  42. Q42What is gene mapping? Write its uses.Preview
  43. Q43Draw the diagram of different types of aneuploidy.Preview
  44. Q44Mention the name of man-made cereal. How is it formed?Preview
  45. Q45What is DNA repair?Preview
  46. Q46What is replication fork?Preview
  47. Q47Write about the energetics of DNA replication.Preview
  48. Q48What is TATA box?Preview
  49. Q49What is alternative splicing?Preview
  50. Q50What is coding strand?Preview
  51. Q51What are the enzymes involved in DNA replication in eukaryotes?Preview
  52. Q52Differentiate coding and non-coding strand.Preview
  53. Q53What are spliceosomes?Preview
  54. Q54What is meant by capping and tailing?Preview
  55. Q55What is RNA editing?Preview
  56. Q56Explain the DNA replication in eukaryotes.Preview
  57. Q57With reference to a gene diagram showing a promoter region, exons, introns and a terminator signal, correctly match the following: Column I…Preview
  58. Q58What attributes make Arabidopsis a suitable model plant for molecular genetic research?Preview
  59. Q59Describe the molecular mechanism of RNA modification.Preview
  60. Q60Explain ribosomal translocation in protein synthesis.Preview
  61. Q61Describe transposons.Preview
  62. Q62Describe RNA editing in plants.Preview
3.8.6

Jumping Genes (Transposons)

Barbara McClintock, working with maize in the 1940s, made one of the most conceptually radical discoveries in genetics: while studying the unstable, mosaic pattern of blue, brown and red pigmentation…

+Evaluation62 questions
  1. Q1An allohexaploidy contains a) Six different genomes b) Six copies of three different genomes c) Two copies of three different genomes d) Six…Free
  2. Q2The A and B genes are 10 cM apart on a chromosome. If an AB/ab heterozygote is testcrossed to ab/ab, how many of each progeny class would yo…Free
  3. Q3Match List I with List II. List I: A. A pair of chromosomes extra with diploid; B. One chromosome extra to the diploid; C. One chromosome lo…Free
  4. Q4Which of the following sentences are correct? 1. The offspring exhibit only parental combinations due to incomplete linkage 2. The linked ge…Preview
  5. Q5Accurate mapping of genes can be done by three point test cross because it increases a) Possibility of single cross over b) Possibility of d…Preview
  6. Q6Due to incomplete linkage in maize, the ratio of parental and recombinants are a) 50:50 b) 7:1:1:7 c) 96.4:3.6 d) 1:7:7:1Preview
  7. Q7Genes G S L H are located on same chromosome. The recombination percentage between L and G is 15%, S and L is 50%, H and S are 20%. The corr…Preview
  8. Q8The point mutation sequence for transition, transition, transversion and transversion in DNA are a) A to T, T to A, C to G and G to C b) A t…Preview
  9. Q9If haploid number in a cell is 18, the double monosomic and trisomic number will be a) 35 and 37 b) 34 and 35 c) 37 and 35 d) 17 and 19Preview
  10. Q10Changing the codon AGC to AGA represents a) missense mutation b) nonsense mutation c) frameshift mutation d) deletion mutationPreview
  11. Q11Assertion (A): Gamma rays are generally used to induce mutation in wheat varieties. Reason (R): Because they carry lower energy to non-ioniz…Preview
  12. Q12How many map units separate two alleles A and B if the recombination frequency is 0.09? a) 900 cM b) 90 cM c) 9 cM d) 0.9 cMPreview
  13. Q13Which one of the following pairs of codons is correctly matched with their function or the signal for the particular amino acid? a) UUA, UCA…Preview
  14. Q14Removal of introns and joining of exons in a defined order during transcription is called a) Splicing b) Looping c) Inducing d) SlicingPreview
  15. Q15If one strand of DNA has the nitrogenous base sequence as ATCTS, what would be the complementary RNA strand sequence? a) ATCGU b) TTAGU c) U…Preview
  16. Q16Removal of RNA polymerase III from nucleoplasm will affect the synthesis of a) rRNA b) tRNA c) hnRNA d) mRNAPreview
  17. Q17DNA dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes transcription on one strand of the DNA which is called the a) Alpha strand b) Anti strand c) Template…Preview
  18. Q18Which of the following correctly represents the flow of genetic information? a) DNA -> RNA -> Protein b) RNA -> DNA -> Protein c) RNA -> Pro…Preview
  19. Q19Initiation codon is a) UUU b) UGA c) AUG d) UAGPreview
  20. Q20A eukaryotic gene contains two kinds of base sequences. Which of these plays an important role in protein synthesis? a) Introns b) Exons c)…Preview
  21. Q21Codon - anticodon interactions occur by a) Covalent bond b) Electrostatic interactions c) Hydrogen bonds d) Hydrophobic interactionPreview
  22. Q22Which of the following RNA polymerases is responsible for the transcription of protein coding genes in eukaryotes? a) RNA Pol I b) RNA Pol I…Preview
  23. Q23How are RNA molecules transported out of the nucleus? a) Passive diffusion through the membrane b) Through membrane pores in an energy indep…Preview
  24. Q24During translation the codon in mRNA is actually 'read' by a) The A site in the ribosomes b) The P site in the ribosomes c) The anticodon in…Preview
  25. Q25A complex of ribosome attached to a single strand of RNA is known as a) Polysome b) Polymer c) Polypeptide d) Okazaki fragmentPreview
  26. Q26Which of the following is the start codon? a) AUG b) UGA c) UAA d) UAGPreview
  27. Q27What is true about tRNA? a) It binds with an amino acid at its 3' end b) It has 5 double stranded regions c) It has a codon at one end which…Preview
  28. Q28Which one of the following hydrolyses internal phosphodiester bonds in a polynucleotide chain? a) Lipase b) Exonuclease c) Endonuclease d) P…Preview
  29. Q29DNA element with ability to change position is called a) Cistron b) Transposon c) Intron d) ReconPreview
  30. Q30Spliceosomes are not found in cells of a) Plants b) Fungi c) Animals d) BacteriaPreview
  31. Q31During DNA replication Okazaki fragments are used to elongate a) The leading strand towards replication fork b) The lagging strand towards r…Preview
  32. Q32When two different genes came from same parent they tend to remain together. i) What is the name of this phenomenon? ii) Draw the cross with…Preview
  33. Q33If you cross dominant genotype PV/PV male Drosophila with double recessive female and obtain F1 hybrid. Now you cross F1 male with double re…Preview
  34. Q34A three-point test cross in a plant gave the following results. S.no 1: Gamete type ABC, Number of progenies 349 S.no 2: Gamete type Abc, Nu…Preview
  35. Q35What is the difference between missense and nonsense mutation?Preview
  36. Q36The diagram below shows a normal chromosome with genes in the order A B C D E F G H I, and a second chromosome with genes in the order A B B…Preview
  37. Q37Write the salient features of Sutton and Boveri concept.Preview
  38. Q38Explain the mechanism of crossing over.Preview
  39. Q39Write the steps involved in molecular mechanism of DNA recombination with diagram.Preview
  40. Q40How is Nicotiana exhibit self-incompatibility? Explain its mechanism.Preview
  41. Q41How is sex determined in monoecious plants? Write the genes involved in it.Preview
  42. Q42What is gene mapping? Write its uses.Preview
  43. Q43Draw the diagram of different types of aneuploidy.Preview
  44. Q44Mention the name of man-made cereal. How is it formed?Preview
  45. Q45What is DNA repair?Preview
  46. Q46What is replication fork?Preview
  47. Q47Write about the energetics of DNA replication.Preview
  48. Q48What is TATA box?Preview
  49. Q49What is alternative splicing?Preview
  50. Q50What is coding strand?Preview
  51. Q51What are the enzymes involved in DNA replication in eukaryotes?Preview
  52. Q52Differentiate coding and non-coding strand.Preview
  53. Q53What are spliceosomes?Preview
  54. Q54What is meant by capping and tailing?Preview
  55. Q55What is RNA editing?Preview
  56. Q56Explain the DNA replication in eukaryotes.Preview
  57. Q57With reference to a gene diagram showing a promoter region, exons, introns and a terminator signal, correctly match the following: Column I…Preview
  58. Q58What attributes make Arabidopsis a suitable model plant for molecular genetic research?Preview
  59. Q59Describe the molecular mechanism of RNA modification.Preview
  60. Q60Explain ribosomal translocation in protein synthesis.Preview
  61. Q61Describe transposons.Preview
  62. Q62Describe RNA editing in plants.Preview
3.8.7

Plant Genome and Arabidopsis thaliana

A genome is defined as the complete complement of DNA present in an organism, including every gene together with all the intergenic (non-gene) regions between them, and it specifies the entirety of an…

+Evaluation62 questions
  1. Q1An allohexaploidy contains a) Six different genomes b) Six copies of three different genomes c) Two copies of three different genomes d) Six…Free
  2. Q2The A and B genes are 10 cM apart on a chromosome. If an AB/ab heterozygote is testcrossed to ab/ab, how many of each progeny class would yo…Free
  3. Q3Match List I with List II. List I: A. A pair of chromosomes extra with diploid; B. One chromosome extra to the diploid; C. One chromosome lo…Free
  4. Q4Which of the following sentences are correct? 1. The offspring exhibit only parental combinations due to incomplete linkage 2. The linked ge…Preview
  5. Q5Accurate mapping of genes can be done by three point test cross because it increases a) Possibility of single cross over b) Possibility of d…Preview
  6. Q6Due to incomplete linkage in maize, the ratio of parental and recombinants are a) 50:50 b) 7:1:1:7 c) 96.4:3.6 d) 1:7:7:1Preview
  7. Q7Genes G S L H are located on same chromosome. The recombination percentage between L and G is 15%, S and L is 50%, H and S are 20%. The corr…Preview
  8. Q8The point mutation sequence for transition, transition, transversion and transversion in DNA are a) A to T, T to A, C to G and G to C b) A t…Preview
  9. Q9If haploid number in a cell is 18, the double monosomic and trisomic number will be a) 35 and 37 b) 34 and 35 c) 37 and 35 d) 17 and 19Preview
  10. Q10Changing the codon AGC to AGA represents a) missense mutation b) nonsense mutation c) frameshift mutation d) deletion mutationPreview
  11. Q11Assertion (A): Gamma rays are generally used to induce mutation in wheat varieties. Reason (R): Because they carry lower energy to non-ioniz…Preview
  12. Q12How many map units separate two alleles A and B if the recombination frequency is 0.09? a) 900 cM b) 90 cM c) 9 cM d) 0.9 cMPreview
  13. Q13Which one of the following pairs of codons is correctly matched with their function or the signal for the particular amino acid? a) UUA, UCA…Preview
  14. Q14Removal of introns and joining of exons in a defined order during transcription is called a) Splicing b) Looping c) Inducing d) SlicingPreview
  15. Q15If one strand of DNA has the nitrogenous base sequence as ATCTS, what would be the complementary RNA strand sequence? a) ATCGU b) TTAGU c) U…Preview
  16. Q16Removal of RNA polymerase III from nucleoplasm will affect the synthesis of a) rRNA b) tRNA c) hnRNA d) mRNAPreview
  17. Q17DNA dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes transcription on one strand of the DNA which is called the a) Alpha strand b) Anti strand c) Template…Preview
  18. Q18Which of the following correctly represents the flow of genetic information? a) DNA -> RNA -> Protein b) RNA -> DNA -> Protein c) RNA -> Pro…Preview
  19. Q19Initiation codon is a) UUU b) UGA c) AUG d) UAGPreview
  20. Q20A eukaryotic gene contains two kinds of base sequences. Which of these plays an important role in protein synthesis? a) Introns b) Exons c)…Preview
  21. Q21Codon - anticodon interactions occur by a) Covalent bond b) Electrostatic interactions c) Hydrogen bonds d) Hydrophobic interactionPreview
  22. Q22Which of the following RNA polymerases is responsible for the transcription of protein coding genes in eukaryotes? a) RNA Pol I b) RNA Pol I…Preview
  23. Q23How are RNA molecules transported out of the nucleus? a) Passive diffusion through the membrane b) Through membrane pores in an energy indep…Preview
  24. Q24During translation the codon in mRNA is actually 'read' by a) The A site in the ribosomes b) The P site in the ribosomes c) The anticodon in…Preview
  25. Q25A complex of ribosome attached to a single strand of RNA is known as a) Polysome b) Polymer c) Polypeptide d) Okazaki fragmentPreview
  26. Q26Which of the following is the start codon? a) AUG b) UGA c) UAA d) UAGPreview
  27. Q27What is true about tRNA? a) It binds with an amino acid at its 3' end b) It has 5 double stranded regions c) It has a codon at one end which…Preview
  28. Q28Which one of the following hydrolyses internal phosphodiester bonds in a polynucleotide chain? a) Lipase b) Exonuclease c) Endonuclease d) P…Preview
  29. Q29DNA element with ability to change position is called a) Cistron b) Transposon c) Intron d) ReconPreview
  30. Q30Spliceosomes are not found in cells of a) Plants b) Fungi c) Animals d) BacteriaPreview
  31. Q31During DNA replication Okazaki fragments are used to elongate a) The leading strand towards replication fork b) The lagging strand towards r…Preview
  32. Q32When two different genes came from same parent they tend to remain together. i) What is the name of this phenomenon? ii) Draw the cross with…Preview
  33. Q33If you cross dominant genotype PV/PV male Drosophila with double recessive female and obtain F1 hybrid. Now you cross F1 male with double re…Preview
  34. Q34A three-point test cross in a plant gave the following results. S.no 1: Gamete type ABC, Number of progenies 349 S.no 2: Gamete type Abc, Nu…Preview
  35. Q35What is the difference between missense and nonsense mutation?Preview
  36. Q36The diagram below shows a normal chromosome with genes in the order A B C D E F G H I, and a second chromosome with genes in the order A B B…Preview
  37. Q37Write the salient features of Sutton and Boveri concept.Preview
  38. Q38Explain the mechanism of crossing over.Preview
  39. Q39Write the steps involved in molecular mechanism of DNA recombination with diagram.Preview
  40. Q40How is Nicotiana exhibit self-incompatibility? Explain its mechanism.Preview
  41. Q41How is sex determined in monoecious plants? Write the genes involved in it.Preview
  42. Q42What is gene mapping? Write its uses.Preview
  43. Q43Draw the diagram of different types of aneuploidy.Preview
  44. Q44Mention the name of man-made cereal. How is it formed?Preview
  45. Q45What is DNA repair?Preview
  46. Q46What is replication fork?Preview
  47. Q47Write about the energetics of DNA replication.Preview
  48. Q48What is TATA box?Preview
  49. Q49What is alternative splicing?Preview
  50. Q50What is coding strand?Preview
  51. Q51What are the enzymes involved in DNA replication in eukaryotes?Preview
  52. Q52Differentiate coding and non-coding strand.Preview
  53. Q53What are spliceosomes?Preview
  54. Q54What is meant by capping and tailing?Preview
  55. Q55What is RNA editing?Preview
  56. Q56Explain the DNA replication in eukaryotes.Preview
  57. Q57With reference to a gene diagram showing a promoter region, exons, introns and a terminator signal, correctly match the following: Column I…Preview
  58. Q58What attributes make Arabidopsis a suitable model plant for molecular genetic research?Preview
  59. Q59Describe the molecular mechanism of RNA modification.Preview
  60. Q60Explain ribosomal translocation in protein synthesis.Preview
  61. Q61Describe transposons.Preview
  62. Q62Describe RNA editing in plants.Preview

EVALUATION

This end-of-chapter Evaluation section brings together objective (multiple-choice, assertion-reason and match-the-following) and descriptive (short-answer and long-answer) questions spanning every top…

+Evaluation62 questions
  1. Q1An allohexaploidy contains a) Six different genomes b) Six copies of three different genomes c) Two copies of three different genomes d) Six…Free
  2. Q2The A and B genes are 10 cM apart on a chromosome. If an AB/ab heterozygote is testcrossed to ab/ab, how many of each progeny class would yo…Free
  3. Q3Match List I with List II. List I: A. A pair of chromosomes extra with diploid; B. One chromosome extra to the diploid; C. One chromosome lo…Free
  4. Q4Which of the following sentences are correct? 1. The offspring exhibit only parental combinations due to incomplete linkage 2. The linked ge…Preview
  5. Q5Accurate mapping of genes can be done by three point test cross because it increases a) Possibility of single cross over b) Possibility of d…Preview
  6. Q6Due to incomplete linkage in maize, the ratio of parental and recombinants are a) 50:50 b) 7:1:1:7 c) 96.4:3.6 d) 1:7:7:1Preview
  7. Q7Genes G S L H are located on same chromosome. The recombination percentage between L and G is 15%, S and L is 50%, H and S are 20%. The corr…Preview
  8. Q8The point mutation sequence for transition, transition, transversion and transversion in DNA are a) A to T, T to A, C to G and G to C b) A t…Preview
  9. Q9If haploid number in a cell is 18, the double monosomic and trisomic number will be a) 35 and 37 b) 34 and 35 c) 37 and 35 d) 17 and 19Preview
  10. Q10Changing the codon AGC to AGA represents a) missense mutation b) nonsense mutation c) frameshift mutation d) deletion mutationPreview
  11. Q11Assertion (A): Gamma rays are generally used to induce mutation in wheat varieties. Reason (R): Because they carry lower energy to non-ioniz…Preview
  12. Q12How many map units separate two alleles A and B if the recombination frequency is 0.09? a) 900 cM b) 90 cM c) 9 cM d) 0.9 cMPreview
  13. Q13Which one of the following pairs of codons is correctly matched with their function or the signal for the particular amino acid? a) UUA, UCA…Preview
  14. Q14Removal of introns and joining of exons in a defined order during transcription is called a) Splicing b) Looping c) Inducing d) SlicingPreview
  15. Q15If one strand of DNA has the nitrogenous base sequence as ATCTS, what would be the complementary RNA strand sequence? a) ATCGU b) TTAGU c) U…Preview
  16. Q16Removal of RNA polymerase III from nucleoplasm will affect the synthesis of a) rRNA b) tRNA c) hnRNA d) mRNAPreview
  17. Q17DNA dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes transcription on one strand of the DNA which is called the a) Alpha strand b) Anti strand c) Template…Preview
  18. Q18Which of the following correctly represents the flow of genetic information? a) DNA -> RNA -> Protein b) RNA -> DNA -> Protein c) RNA -> Pro…Preview
  19. Q19Initiation codon is a) UUU b) UGA c) AUG d) UAGPreview
  20. Q20A eukaryotic gene contains two kinds of base sequences. Which of these plays an important role in protein synthesis? a) Introns b) Exons c)…Preview
  21. Q21Codon - anticodon interactions occur by a) Covalent bond b) Electrostatic interactions c) Hydrogen bonds d) Hydrophobic interactionPreview
  22. Q22Which of the following RNA polymerases is responsible for the transcription of protein coding genes in eukaryotes? a) RNA Pol I b) RNA Pol I…Preview
  23. Q23How are RNA molecules transported out of the nucleus? a) Passive diffusion through the membrane b) Through membrane pores in an energy indep…Preview
  24. Q24During translation the codon in mRNA is actually 'read' by a) The A site in the ribosomes b) The P site in the ribosomes c) The anticodon in…Preview
  25. Q25A complex of ribosome attached to a single strand of RNA is known as a) Polysome b) Polymer c) Polypeptide d) Okazaki fragmentPreview
  26. Q26Which of the following is the start codon? a) AUG b) UGA c) UAA d) UAGPreview
  27. Q27What is true about tRNA? a) It binds with an amino acid at its 3' end b) It has 5 double stranded regions c) It has a codon at one end which…Preview
  28. Q28Which one of the following hydrolyses internal phosphodiester bonds in a polynucleotide chain? a) Lipase b) Exonuclease c) Endonuclease d) P…Preview
  29. Q29DNA element with ability to change position is called a) Cistron b) Transposon c) Intron d) ReconPreview
  30. Q30Spliceosomes are not found in cells of a) Plants b) Fungi c) Animals d) BacteriaPreview
  31. Q31During DNA replication Okazaki fragments are used to elongate a) The leading strand towards replication fork b) The lagging strand towards r…Preview
  32. Q32When two different genes came from same parent they tend to remain together. i) What is the name of this phenomenon? ii) Draw the cross with…Preview
  33. Q33If you cross dominant genotype PV/PV male Drosophila with double recessive female and obtain F1 hybrid. Now you cross F1 male with double re…Preview
  34. Q34A three-point test cross in a plant gave the following results. S.no 1: Gamete type ABC, Number of progenies 349 S.no 2: Gamete type Abc, Nu…Preview
  35. Q35What is the difference between missense and nonsense mutation?Preview
  36. Q36The diagram below shows a normal chromosome with genes in the order A B C D E F G H I, and a second chromosome with genes in the order A B B…Preview
  37. Q37Write the salient features of Sutton and Boveri concept.Preview
  38. Q38Explain the mechanism of crossing over.Preview
  39. Q39Write the steps involved in molecular mechanism of DNA recombination with diagram.Preview
  40. Q40How is Nicotiana exhibit self-incompatibility? Explain its mechanism.Preview
  41. Q41How is sex determined in monoecious plants? Write the genes involved in it.Preview
  42. Q42What is gene mapping? Write its uses.Preview
  43. Q43Draw the diagram of different types of aneuploidy.Preview
  44. Q44Mention the name of man-made cereal. How is it formed?Preview
  45. Q45What is DNA repair?Preview
  46. Q46What is replication fork?Preview
  47. Q47Write about the energetics of DNA replication.Preview
  48. Q48What is TATA box?Preview
  49. Q49What is alternative splicing?Preview
  50. Q50What is coding strand?Preview
  51. Q51What are the enzymes involved in DNA replication in eukaryotes?Preview
  52. Q52Differentiate coding and non-coding strand.Preview
  53. Q53What are spliceosomes?Preview
  54. Q54What is meant by capping and tailing?Preview
  55. Q55What is RNA editing?Preview
  56. Q56Explain the DNA replication in eukaryotes.Preview
  57. Q57With reference to a gene diagram showing a promoter region, exons, introns and a terminator signal, correctly match the following: Column I…Preview
  58. Q58What attributes make Arabidopsis a suitable model plant for molecular genetic research?Preview
  59. Q59Describe the molecular mechanism of RNA modification.Preview
  60. Q60Explain ribosomal translocation in protein synthesis.Preview
  61. Q61Describe transposons.Preview
  62. Q62Describe RNA editing in plants.Preview

Sample & Board Papers

Sample papers and previous-year board questions for this subject.

+Show 35 questions35 questions
  1. Q1Unit of genetic map is (a) Centimeter (b) Kilobase (c) Centimorgan (d) MegabasePreview
  2. Q2What are B - chromosomes ?Preview
  3. Q3What is aneuploidy ? Explain its types.Preview
  4. Q4Polyploidy can be induced by : (a) polyethylene glycol (b) pectinase (c) cellulase (d) colchicinePreview
  5. Q5Haploid set of chromosome in sugarcane is : (a) 30 (b) 40 (c) 10 (d) 20Preview
  6. Q6Nullisomy is represented by : (a) $2n-1$ (b) $2n+1$ (c) $2n+2$ (d) $2n-2$Preview
  7. Q7Chromosomes occur in cancer cells are called as : (a) Polytene chromosome (b) Lamp brush chromosome (c) B - chromosomes (d) Double minutesPreview
  8. Q8What is a genetic map ?Preview
  9. Q9Write any three significances of ploidy.Preview
  10. Q10Explain the structure of chromosome.Preview
  11. Q11The term chromosome was introduced by : (a) Balbiani (b) Bridges (c) Flemming (d) WaldeyerPreview
  12. Q12mRNA is about __________ of the RNA content of the cell. (a) 3 - 5% (b) 10 - 20% (c) 20 - 30% (d) 5 - 10%Preview
  13. Q13Draw the diagram and label the parts of types of chromosome.Preview
  14. Q14Draw the structure of chromosome and label the parts.Preview
  15. Q15Explain the structure of DNA.Preview
  16. Q16Draw the structure of chromosome and label its parts.Preview
  17. Q17(a) Write the significance of pentose phosphate pathway. **OR** (b) Explain the structure of t-RNA with diagram.Preview
  18. Q18Assertion (A): Arabidopsis plant chromosomes have more repeats of TTTAGGG nucleotide sequences in the telomeres. Reason (R): Restriction end…Preview
  19. Q19Genes located close together on the same chromosome and inherited together are represented as : (a) linked genes (b) unlinked genes (c) synt…Preview
  20. Q20![A cytological diagram of a bivalent (tetrad of four chromatids) carrying the linked genes A/a and B/b, shown before and after a double — C…Preview
  21. Q21Differentiate linkage and crossing over.Preview
  22. Q22(a) What is crossing over ? Give the diagrammatic representation of crossing over. **OR** (b) What is single cell protein ? Write its applic…Preview
  23. Q23Which one of the following represents the flow of genetic information ? (a) RNA -> Protein -> DNA (b) DNA -> RNA -> Protein (c) Protein -> R…Preview
  24. Q24Initiation Codon is : (a) UAG (b) UUU (c) AUG (d) UGAPreview
  25. Q25What is gene mapping ?Preview
  26. Q26Draw diagram of different types of aneuploidy.Preview
  27. Q27What is meant by Capping and Tailing ?Preview
  28. Q28(a) Bring out the inheritance of chloroplast gene with example. **OR** (b) Describe RNA Editing in plants.Preview
  29. Q29Removal of introns and joining of exons in a defined order during transcription is called : (a) Inducing (b) Splicing (c) Slicing (d) Loopin…Preview
  30. Q30What is the difference between missense and nonsense mutation ?Preview
  31. Q31Write the salient features of Sutton and Boveri concept.Preview
  32. Q32Match List - I with List - II : List - I (1) A pair of chromosomes extra with diploid (2) One chromosome extra to the diploid (3) One chromo…Preview
  33. Q33(a) How sex is determined in monoecious plants ? Write their genes involved in it. **OR** (b) Write the benefits and risks of Genetically Mo…Preview
  34. Q34Removal of introns and joining of exons in a defined order during transcription is called : (a) Inducing (b) Splicing (c) Slicing (d) Loopin…Preview
  35. Q35(a) Bring out the inheritance of chloroplast gene with an example. **OR** (b) List out the applications of single cell protein.Preview