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Mathematics · Class 11 Science

Ch 11Integral Calculus — Class 11 Mathematics, concept-first.

Calculus grew out of two independently-motivated 17th century investigations — Sir Isaac Newton (1643–1727) approached it through physics: he built an expression for the area under a curve by considering a momentary increase at a point, so that the fundamental theorem of calculus was, in effect, already built into his…

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Key concepts

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In previous exams

How often this chapter’s concepts have been examined — real appearance data, never estimated.

Chapter contents

The NCERT structure, section by section. Open a section to see its questions, then read the concept-first solution.

11.1

Introduction

Calculus grew out of two independently-motivated 17th century investigations — Sir Isaac Newton (1643–1727) approached it through physics: he built an expression for the area under a curve by consider…

11.2

Newton-Leibnitz Integral

Inverse operation pairs. We already work comfortably with pairs of operations that undo each other: addition/subtraction , multiplication/division , and raising to a power / taking a root .

11.3

Basic Rules of Integration

Because integration is defined as the reverse of differentiation, every standard derivative formula immediately hands us a matching standard antiderivative — simply read the differentiation rule backw…

11.4

Integrals of the Form $\int f(ax+b)\,dx$

The pattern that motivates this section. Every standard antiderivative on the table in §11.3 was built for a bare variable .

11.5

Properties of Integrals

Integration behaves linearly with respect to constant multiples and sums/differences of functions — this is what lets a complicated-looking integrand be broken into manageable pieces and integrated te…

11.6

Simple applications

A change of variable, not of method. Up to now has always been the variable of integration. In applications it is often more natural to integrate with respect to whatever variable the problem is phras…

11.7

Methods of Integration

Why integration is harder than differentiation. Differentiation has a constructive character — a derivative is, by definition, the limit and there are systematic laws (sum, product, quotient, chain ru…

11.7.1

Decomposition method

Not every integrand matches one of the standard formulas directly. The decomposition method handles this by splitting a single "hard" integrand into a sum or difference of two or more "easy" pieces, e…

11.7.2

Decomposition by Partial Fractions

When the integrand is a proper rational (algebraic) fraction — a ratio of polynomials with and — and it does not simplify by the direct decomposition tricks of §11.7.1, the standard route is to rewrit…

11.7.3

Method of Substitution or Change of Variable

The substitution method mirrors, in reverse, the chain rule used for differentiating a function of a function. If is a differentiable function of , then , i.e.

11.7.4

Important Results

Two substitution patterns come up so often that it pays to know them as ready-made formulas rather than re-deriving them every time.

11.7.5

Integration by Parts

Integration by parts is the integral counterpart of the product rule for differentiation, and it is the go-to method whenever the integrand is a product of two functions of different types — or a sing…

11.7.6

Bernoulli's Formula for Integration by Parts

When a product integrand needs integration by parts applied two, three, or more times in a row — most often when one factor is for — repeating the ordinary by-parts formula step by step gets long and…

11.7.8

Integrals of the Form ∫e^{ax}sin(bx)dx and ∫e^{ax}cos(bx)dx

8 Q

A genuinely different situation arises with integrands like or : applying integration by parts does not make the integral simpler or terminate the way it does for — instead, after two applications, th…

11.7.9

Integration of Rational Algebraic Functions

32 Q

Rational algebraic integrands built from quadratic expressions (or their square roots) do not yield to the substitution and by-parts methods developed earlier in the chapter directly -- they need thei…

+Exercise 11.10i3 questions
  1. Q1Find the integrals of the following: (i) $\dfrac1{4-x^2}$ (ii) $\dfrac1{25-4x^2}$ (iii) $\dfrac1{9x^2-4}$Free
  2. Q2Find the integrals of the following: (i) $\dfrac1{6x-7-x^2}$ (ii) $\dfrac1{(x+1)^2-25}$ (iii) $\dfrac1{\sqrt{x^2+4x+2}}$Preview
  3. Q3Find the integrals of the following: (i) $\dfrac1{\sqrt{(2+x)^2-1}}$ (ii) $\dfrac1{\sqrt{x^2-4x+5}}$ (iii) $\dfrac1{\sqrt{9+8x-x^2}}$Preview
+Exercise 11.11i2 questions
  1. Q1Integrate the following with respect to $x$: (i) $\dfrac{2x-3}{x^2+4x-12}$ (ii) $\dfrac{5x-2}{2+2x+x^2}$ (iii) $\dfrac{3x+1}{2x^2-2x+3}$Free
  2. Q2Integrate the following with respect to $x$: (i) $\dfrac{2x+1}{\sqrt{9+4x-x^2}}$ (ii) $\dfrac{x+2}{\sqrt{x^2-1}}$ (iii) $\dfrac{2x+3}{\sqrt{…Preview
+Exercise 11.12i2 questions
  1. Q1Integrate the following functions with respect to $x$: (i) $\sqrt{x^2+2x+10}$ (ii) $\sqrt{x^2-2x-3}$ (iii) $\sqrt{(6-x)(x-4)}$Free
  2. Q2Integrate the following functions with respect to $x$: (i) $\sqrt{9-(2x+5)^2}$ (ii) $\sqrt{81+(2x+1)^2}$ (iii) $\sqrt{(x+1)^2-4}$Preview
+Exercise 11.13i25 questions
  1. Q1If $\int f(x)dx=g(x)+c$, then $\int f(x)g'(x)dx$ is (1) $\int (f(x))^2 dx$ (2) $\int f(x)g(x)dx$ (3) $\int f'(x)g(x)dx$ (4) $\int (g(x))^2 d…Free
  2. Q2If $\displaystyle\int \dfrac{3^{\frac1x}}{x^2}dx=k\left(3^{\frac1x}\right)+c$, then the value of $k$ is (1) $\log 3$ (2) $-\log 3$ (3) $-\df…Free
  3. Q3If $\int f'(x)e^{x^2}dx=(x-1)e^{x^2}+c$, then $f(x)$ is (1) $2x^3-\dfrac{x^2}2+x+c$ (2) $\dfrac{x^3}2+3x^2+4x+c$ (3) $x^3+4x^2+6x+c$ (4) $\d…Free
  4. Q4The gradient (slope) of a curve at any point $(x,y)$ is $\dfrac{x^2-4}{x^2}$. If the curve passes through the point $(2,7)$, then the equati…Preview
  5. Q5$\displaystyle\int \dfrac{e^x(1+x)}{\cos^2(xe^x)}\,dx$ is (1) $\cot(xe^x)+c$ (2) $\sec(xe^x)+c$ (3) $\tan(xe^x)+c$ (4) $\cos(xe^x)+c$Preview
  6. Q6$\displaystyle\int \dfrac{\sqrt{\tan x}}{\sin 2x}\,dx$ is (1) $\sqrt{\tan x}+c$ (2) $2\sqrt{\tan x}+c$ (3) $\dfrac12\sqrt{\tan x}+c$ (4) $\d…Preview
  7. Q7$\displaystyle\int \sin^3 x\,dx$ is (1) $\dfrac{-3}4\cos x-\dfrac{\cos 3x}{12}+c$ (2) $\dfrac34\cos x+\dfrac{\cos 3x}{12}+c$ (3) $\dfrac{-3}…Preview
  8. Q8$\displaystyle\int \dfrac{e^{6\log x}-e^{5\log x}}{e^{4\log x}-e^{3\log x}}\,dx$ is (1) $x+c$ (2) $\dfrac{x^3}3+c$ (3) $\dfrac3{x^3}+c$ (4)…Preview
  9. Q9$\displaystyle\int \dfrac{\sec x}{\sqrt{\cos 2x}}\,dx$ is (1) $\tan^{-1}(\sin x)+c$ (2) $2\sin^{-1}(\tan x)+c$ (3) $\tan^{-1}(\cos x)+c$ (4)…Preview
  10. Q10$\displaystyle\int \tan^{-1}\sqrt{\dfrac{1-\cos 2x}{1+\cos 2x}}\,dx$ is (1) $x^2+c$ (2) $2x^2+c$ (3) $\dfrac{x^2}2+c$ (4) $-\dfrac{x^2}2+c$Preview
  11. Q11$\displaystyle\int 2^{3x+5}\,dx$ is (1) $\dfrac{3(2^{3x+5})}{\log 2}+c$ (2) $\dfrac{2^{3x+5}}{2\log(3x+5)}+c$ (3) $\dfrac{2^{3x+5}}{2\log 3}…Preview
  12. Q12$\displaystyle\int \dfrac{\sin^8 x-\cos^8 x}{1-2\sin^2x\cos^2x}\,dx$ is (1) $\dfrac12\sin 2x+c$ (2) $-\dfrac12\sin 2x+c$ (3) $\dfrac12\cos 2…Preview
  13. Q13$\displaystyle\int \dfrac{e^x\left(x^2\tan^{-1}x+\tan^{-1}x+1\right)}{x^2+1}\,dx$ is (1) $e^x\tan^{-1}(x+1)+c$ (2) $\tan^{-1}(e^x)+c$ (3) $e…Preview
  14. Q14$\displaystyle\int \dfrac{x^2+\cos^2x}{x^2+1}\csc^2x\,dx$ is (1) $\cot x+\sin^{-1}x+c$ (2) $-\cot x+\tan^{-1}x+c$ (3) $-\tan x+\cot^{-1}x+c$…Preview
  15. Q15$\displaystyle\int x^2\cos x\,dx$ is (1) $x^2\sin x+2x\cos x-2\sin x+c$ (2) $x^2\sin x-2x\cos x-2\sin x+c$ (3) $-x^2\sin x+2x\cos x+2\sin x+…Preview
  16. Q16$\displaystyle\int \sqrt{\dfrac{1-x}{1+x}}\,dx$ is (1) $\sqrt{1-x^2}+\sin^{-1}x+c$ (2) $\sin^{-1}x-\sqrt{1-x^2}+c$ (3) $\log\left|x+\sqrt{1-…Preview
  17. Q17$\displaystyle\int \dfrac{dx}{e^x-1}$ is (1) $\log|e^x|-\log|e^x-1|+c$ (2) $\log|e^x|+\log|e^x-1|+c$ (3) $\log|e^x-1|-\log|e^x|+c$ (4) $\log…Preview
  18. Q18$\displaystyle\int e^{-4x}\cos x\,dx$ is (1) $\dfrac{e^{-4x}}{17}[4\cos x-\sin x]+c$ (2) $\dfrac{e^{-4x}}{17}[-4\cos x+\sin x]+c$ (3) $\dfra…Preview
  19. Q19$\displaystyle\int \dfrac{\sec^2x}{\tan^2x-1}\,dx$ (1) $2\log\left|\dfrac{1-\tan x}{1+\tan x}\right|+c$ (2) $\log\left|\dfrac{1+\tan x}{1-\t…Preview
  20. Q20$\displaystyle\int e^{-7x}\sin 5x\,dx$ is (1) $\dfrac{e^{-7x}}{74}[-7\sin5x-5\cos5x]+c$ (2) $\dfrac{e^{-7x}}{74}[7\sin5x+5\cos5x]+c$ (3) $\d…Preview
  21. Q21$\displaystyle\int x^2e^{\frac x2}dx$ is (1) $x^2e^{\frac x2}-4xe^{\frac x2}-8e^{\frac x2}+c$ (2) $2x^2e^{\frac x2}-8xe^{\frac x2}-16e^{\fra…Preview
  22. Q22$\displaystyle\int \dfrac{x+2}{\sqrt{x^2-1}}\,dx$ is (1) $\sqrt{x^2-1}-2\log\left|x+\sqrt{x^2-1}\right|+c$ (2) $\sin^{-1}x-2\log\left|x+\sqr…Preview
  23. Q23$\displaystyle\int \dfrac{1}{x\sqrt{(\log x)^2-5}}\,dx$ is (1) $\log\left|x+\sqrt{x^2-5}\right|+c$ (2) $\log\left|\log x+\sqrt{\log x-5}\rig…Preview
  24. Q24$\displaystyle\int \sin\sqrt x\,dx$ is (1) $2\left(-\sqrt x\cos\sqrt x+\sin\sqrt x\right)+c$ (2) $2\left(-\sqrt x\cos\sqrt x-\sin\sqrt x\rig…Preview
  25. Q25$\displaystyle\int e^{\sqrt x}dx$ is (1) $2\sqrt x\left(1-e^{\sqrt x}\right)+c$ (2) $2\sqrt x\left(e^{\sqrt x}-1\right)+c$ (3) $2e^{\sqrt x}…Preview
11.8

Summary

This chapter's toolkit reduces to a short list of building blocks, best remembered in groups.

Sample & Board Papers

Sample papers and previous-year board questions for this subject.

+Show 30 questions30 questions
  1. Q1$\displaystyle\int \dfrac{e^x}{e^{2x}+1}\,dx$ is: (a) $\log(e^x+1)+c$ (b) $\log(e^{2x}+1)+c$ (c) $\tan^{-1}(e^{2x})+c$ (d) $\tan^{-1}(e^x)+c…Preview
  2. Q2$\displaystyle\int \left(\dfrac{x-1}{x+1}\right) dx$ is: (a) $x - 2\log(x+1) + c$ (b) $\log(x+1) + c$ (c) $x + 2\log(x-1) + c$ (d) $\log(x-1…Preview
  3. Q3Evaluate: $\displaystyle\int x e^{-x}\,dx$.Preview
  4. Q4Evaluate: $\displaystyle\int \dfrac{e^{\sin^{-1}x}}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}\,dx$.Preview
  5. Q5Evaluate: $\displaystyle\int \sqrt{x^2 - 4x + 6}\,dx$.Preview
  6. Q6Evaluate: $\displaystyle\int \log_3 x\,dx$.Preview
  7. Q7(a) Evaluate: $\displaystyle\int_1^3 x^2\,dx$ as limit of sums. **OR** (b) Bag A contains 5 white, 6 black balls and bag B contains 4 white,…Preview
  8. Q8$\int \dfrac{\sec x}{\sqrt{\cos 2x}}\,dx$ is: (a) $\tan^{-1}(\cos x)+c$ (b) $\sin^{-1}(\tan x)+c$ (c) $\tan^{-1}(\sin x)+c$ (d) $2\sin^{-1}(…Preview
  9. Q9Evaluate: $\int (x+3)\sqrt{x+2}\,dx$Preview
  10. Q10$\displaystyle\int \sqrt{\dfrac{1-x}{1+x}}\, dx$ is: (a) $\sqrt{1-x^2} + \sin^{-1}x + c$ (b) $\sin^{-1}x - \sqrt{1-x^2} + c$ (c) $\log\left|…Preview
  11. Q11$\displaystyle\int e^{-7x}\cos x\, dx$ is: (a) $\dfrac{e^{-7x}}{50}[7\cos x - \sin x] + c$ (b) $\dfrac{e^{-7x}}{50}[-7\cos x + \sin x] + c$…Preview
  12. Q12Evaluate: $\displaystyle\int \dfrac{e^{-x}}{16 + 9e^{-2x}}\, dx$Preview
  13. Q13(a) Evaluate: $\displaystyle\int \dfrac{x^2\tan^{-1}(x^3)}{1+x^6}\, dx$ **OR** (b) Evaluate: $\displaystyle\int \dfrac{2x+1}{\sqrt{x^2+4x+9}…Preview
  14. Q14If $\int f'(x) e^{x^2}\, dx = (x-1)e^{x^2}+c$, then $f(x)$ is: (a) $x^3+4x^2+6x+c$ (b) $2x^3 - \frac{x^2}{2} + x + c$ (c) $\frac{2x^3}{3} -…Preview
  15. Q15$\int x^2 e^{\frac{x}{2}}\, dx$ is: (a) $2x^2 e^{\frac{x}{2}} - 8xe^{\frac{x}{2}} + 16e^{\frac{x}{2}} + c$ (b) $x^2 e^{\frac{x}{2}} - 4xe^{\…Preview
  16. Q16Integrate $(x-11)^7$ with respect to $x$.Preview
  17. Q17If $f'(x)=4x-5$ and $f(2)=1$, find $f(x)$.Preview
  18. Q18$\displaystyle\int \frac{\sin\sqrt{x}}{\sqrt{x}}\, dx =$ (a) $-2\sin\sqrt{x} + c$ (b) $2\cos\sqrt{x} + c$ (c) $-2\cos\sqrt{x} + c$ (d) $2\si…Preview
  19. Q19$\displaystyle\int \sin^3 x\, dx$ is: (a) $-\dfrac{3}{4}\cos x + \dfrac{\cos 3x}{12} + c$ (b) $-\dfrac{3}{4}\cos x - \dfrac{\cos 3x}{12} + c…Preview
  20. Q20Find the integral of $\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{x^2-4x+5}}$.Preview
  21. Q21Evaluate: $\displaystyle\int \dfrac{6x+5}{\sqrt{1-4x-4x^2}}\, dx$ **OR** If $y = \sin^{-1}\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\sqrt{1+x}+\sqrt{1-x}\right)$ th…Preview
  22. Q22$\displaystyle\int\dfrac{\sqrt{\tan x}}{\sin 2x}\,dx$ is: (a) $\dfrac{1}{2}\sqrt{\tan x}+C$ (b) $\sqrt{\tan x}+C$ (c) $\dfrac{1}{4}\sqrt{\ta…Preview
  23. Q23Evaluate: $\displaystyle\int xe^x\,dx$Preview
  24. Q24(a) Evaluate: $\displaystyle\int\dfrac{3x+5}{x^2+4x+7}\,dx$ **OR** (b) Show that $\cot\left(7\dfrac{1}{2}^\circ\right)=\sqrt2+\sqrt3+\sqrt4+…Preview
  25. Q25If $\displaystyle\int \dfrac{3^{1/x}}{x^2}\,dx = k\left(3^{1/x}\right) + c$, then the value of $k$ is: (a) $-\dfrac{1}{\log 3}$ (b) $\log 3$…Preview
  26. Q26$\displaystyle\int 2^{3x+5}\,dx$ is: (a) $\dfrac{2^{3x+5}}{2\log 3} + c$ (b) $\dfrac{3(2^{3x+5})}{\log 2} + c$ (c) $\dfrac{2^{3x+5}}{3\log 2…Preview
  27. Q27Integrate with respect to $x$ : $\cos 5x \sin 3x$Preview
  28. Q28If $\int f(x)dx = g(x) + c$, then $\int f(x)\, g'(x)dx$ is: (a) $\int f'(x)\, g(x)dx$ (b) $\int (f(x))^2 dx$ (c) $\int (g(x))^2 dx$ (d) $\in…Preview
  29. Q29$\int e^{\sqrt{x}}\, dx =$ (a) $2e^{\sqrt{x}}(1-\sqrt{x})+c$ (b) $2\sqrt{x}(1-e^{\sqrt{x}})+c$ (c) $2e^{\sqrt{x}}(\sqrt{x}-1)+c$ (d) $2\sqrt…Preview
  30. Q30Evaluate: $\displaystyle\int \dfrac{2x+3}{x^2+3x+7}\, dx$Preview