Q.Write a short note on drugs of abuse, covering hallucinogenic plants, substances banned in sports, and medicinally useful drugs that are abused.

Adolescence is a vulnerable phase because rapid bodily and emotional changes, curiosity, peer pressure and stress make young people prone to risky habits like drug and alcohol abuse.

Why adolescence is considered a vulnerable phase:

• Adolescence is the transitional period between childhood and adulthood (roughly 12-19 years), during which a person undergoes rapid PHYSICAL, HORMONAL, MENTAL and EMOTIONAL changes.

Reasons for vulnerability:

1. Physical and hormonal changes:

• Rapid growth and hormonal changes (puberty) can cause confusion, mood swings and emotional instability.

2. Psychological state:

• Adolescents are naturally CURIOUS, adventurous and eager to try new and exciting things; they may take risks to satisfy this curiosity.

3. Peer pressure:

• The strong desire to be accepted by friends (peer group) and to appear grown-up or 'cool' can push them to imitate others.

4. Stress and emotional needs:

• Academic pressure, family problems, failure or a wish to escape stress, and lack of proper guidance make them seek relief in wrong ways.

Consequence: …

Tobacco smoke's key harmful components - nicotine, tar and carbon monoxide - together cause addiction, multiple cancers, chronic respiratory and cardiovascular disease, and harm to reproductive health and to non-smokers.

Harmful components in tobacco/tobacco smoke:

• Nicotine - a highly addictive alkaloid; stimulates the adrenal glands to release adrenaline, raising blood pressure and heart rate, and drives dependence/addiction.
• Tar - a mixture of many chemicals, several of which are carcinogenic (cancer-causing).
• Carbon monoxide (CO) - binds to haemoglobin (forming carboxyhaemoglobin) far more readily than oxygen does, reducing the blood's oxygen-carrying capacity and causing tissue oxygen deficiency.

Adverse effects of tobacco use:

1. Cancers - of the lung, mouth, throat (pharynx/larynx) and oesophagus, largely due to carcinogens in tar.
2. Respiratory disease - chronic bronchitis, emphysema and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), from long-term airway and lung damage.
3. Cardiovascular disease - increased blood pressure, atherosclerosis (hardening/narrowing of arteries), higher risk of coronary heart disease, heart attacks and stroke, due to nicotine's stimulant effect and CO-induced oxygen deficit. …

Tobacco contains nicotine and carcinogens; it causes cancers, heart and blood-vessel disease, lung disorders, ulcers and addiction.

Adverse effects of tobacco:

• Tobacco is smoked, chewed or used as snuff. It contains a large number of harmful chemicals, the chief of which is NICOTINE (an alkaloid), along with tar, carbon monoxide and various carcinogens.

1. Addiction:

• Nicotine is highly addictive; it stimulates the adrenal glands to release adrenaline, raising heart rate and blood pressure, and leads to dependence.

2. Cancers:

• Tobacco contains carcinogens that cause CANCERS - of the lungs (in smokers), and of the mouth, throat and oral cavity (especially in tobacco chewers).

3. Effects on the heart and blood vessels:

• It increases blood pressure and heart rate and narrows the blood vessels, increasing the risk of heart disease, heart attacks (coronary heart disease) and stroke.

4. Effects on the respiratory system:

• The tar and smoke damage the lungs, causing chronic bronchitis and emphysema, chronic cough and reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood (carbon monoxide binds haemoglobin).

5. Effects on the digestive system: …

Tobacco (smoked or chewed) delivers nicotine, tar and carbon monoxide into the body; sustained exposure damages the respiratory and cardiovascular systems, causes several cancers, and produces physical addiction.

1. Nicotine and addiction: Nicotine is a highly addictive alkaloid. It stimulates the adrenal gland to release adrenaline, which raises blood pressure and heart rate. Repeated use causes tolerance and dependence, and abrupt withdrawal produces craving, irritability and anxiety.

2. Tar and cancer: Tobacco tar contains a mixture of carcinogens. Chronic exposure of the epithelium lining the mouth, throat and lungs to these carcinogens is strongly linked to oral cancer (especially with chewing tobacco/gutkha) and lung cancer (especially with smoking).

3. Respiratory damage: Smoke irritates and inflames the bronchial lining, leading to chronic bronchitis (excess mucus, persistent cough) and, over years, emphysema — destruction of the alveolar walls that permanently reduces the lung's gas-exchange surface and causes breathlessness.

…

Because tobacco, drug and alcohol (TDA) addiction causes often-irreversible physical, mental and social harm that is very hard to reverse once established, preventing first use is far more effective than trying to treat/cure addiction afterwards.

1. Nature of addiction: TDA abuse triggers physiological dependence (tolerance, withdrawal) and psychological craving; once the addiction cycle is established, breaking it requires intensive, prolonged medical and psychological treatment (de-addiction/rehabilitation), and relapse rates remain high even after treatment.
2. Irreversible harm: prolonged tobacco/alcohol/drug use can permanently damage organs — the liver (cirrhosis from alcohol), lungs (cancer, COPD from smoking), heart, brain and nervous system (from various drugs) — damage that a 'cure' often cannot fully reverse.
3. Social and economic cost: TDA abuse leads to loss of productivity, accidents (e.g., drunk driving), family breakdown, crime and financial ruin — costs that treatment alone cannot undo, even if the individual recovers physically.
4. Adolescent vulnerability: TDA use often begins during adolescence, due to peer pressure, curiosity, stress, or availability; the developing adolescent brain and body are especially susceptible to lasting damage, making early prevention critical. …

Preventing tobacco, drug and alcohol (TDA) abuse before it begins is far more effective and humane than trying to treat addiction after it has set in, because the damage caused by long-term abuse is often severe and difficult to reverse.

Justification for 'Prevention is better than cure' with regard to TDA abuse:

1. Addiction develops rapidly and is hard to reverse: Repeated use of tobacco, alcohol, or drugs can quickly lead to tolerance (needing higher doses for the same effect) and physical/psychological dependence. Once dependence sets in, breaking the habit requires prolonged medical and psychological treatment, and relapse rates are high — so avoiding the first use altogether is far more reliable than trying to cure an established addiction.

2. Irreversible health damage: Chronic tobacco use causes cancers, chronic bronchitis, and cardiovascular disease; alcohol abuse damages the liver (cirrhosis) and nervous system; drug abuse can cause organ failure, weakened immunity, and permanent brain changes. Many of these effects cannot be fully cured even after the person stops using the substance.

3. Social and behavioural harm: Abuse impairs judgement and coordination, increasing the risk of accidents, violence, and risky behaviour; it damages relationships, academic/work performance, and can push individuals toward crime to support the habit. Such social costs are difficult to fully repair even after recovery.

4. Difficulty and cost of treatment: Rehabilitation and de-addiction programmes are long, expensive, and success is not guaranteed; many individuals relapse repeatedly.

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